Principles and Perspectives in Cosmochemistry: Lecture Notes of the Kodai School on 'Synthesis of Elements in Stars' held at Kodaikanal Observatory, India, April 29 - May 13, 2008

427 Pages·2010·9.4 MB·English

by  C. Simon Jeffery (auth.)

Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings
Forfurthervolumes:
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Principles and Perspectives
in Cosmochemistry
Lecture Notes of the Kodai School
on ‘Synthesis of Elements in Stars’ held
at Kodaikanal Observatory, India,
April 29-May 13, 2008
Aruna Goswami
Editor
Indian Institute of Astrophysics,
Bangalore, India
B. Eswar Reddy
Editor
Indian Institute of Astrophysics,
Bangalore, India
123
Editors
Aruna Goswami B. Eswar Reddy
Indian Institute of Astrophysics Indian Institute of Astrophysics
2nd Block, Koramangala 2nd Block, Koramangala
Bangalore 560034 Bangalore 560034
India India
[email protected] [email protected]
ISSN1570-6591 e-ISSN1570-6605
ISBN978-3-642-10351-3 e-ISBN978-3-642-10352-0
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-10352-0
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010921800
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010
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Preface
The origin of elements is among the fundamental aspects of our universe;
cosmochemistry tries to answer when, how and where the chemical elements
arose after hydrogenwas created during primordial nucleosynthesis following
the Big Bang. However,quantitative answers to these fundamental questions
began to emerge only in the late fifties, with the pioneering works of Bur-
bidge, Burbidge, Fowler and Hoyle, and Cameron. Since then there had been
significant progress in the understanding of synthesis of elements in stars.
Cosmochemistry, however, remains a fertile area of research, as there
remain many outstanding problems. A comprehensive approach to cosmo-
chemistry requires a combination of a number of topics like primordial
nucleosynthesis, stellar nucleosynthesis, explosive nucleosynthesis and solar
abundance. The Kodai school on ‘Synthesis of elements in stars’ was orga-
nized to provide a glimpse of this exciting area of research to astrophysicists
of tomorrow, motivated young students from India and abroad. The lectures
are thus aimed at researchers who would like to venture deeper into this ex-
citing arena.
The schooldrew strengthfromconsiderablein-houseexpertise at IIAin a
numberofareascriticalfortheschool.Ahighlightoftheschool,however,was
thefacultyparticipationbyanumberofleadingastrophysicistsfromdifferent
parts of the world.
Following a traditional and inspiring invocation from Upanishad and a
brief inaugural function, the school was opened for technical sessions. David
Lambertsetthe tone ofthe scientificsessionswiththe leadtalk on‘Synthesis
of elements in stars: an overview’. The basic properties of nuclei were ex-
plained by Arun Mangalamin a seriesof lectures. The lectures by C Sivaram
put the primary issue in cosmochemistry in perspective through a discussion
on cosmological nucleosynthesis of light elements. Aruna Goswami discussed
some current issues in the present understanding of the Galactic chemical
evolution. Gajendra Pandey explained how stellar spectra can be analyzed
using ‘Curve of growth technique’. Kameswara Rao of IIA talked about the
high resolution Echelle spectrograph at VBO, Kavalur and discussed some
results obtained from analysis of data acquired using this instrument. These
VI Preface
lectures provided the background for the series of lectures by other speakers
thatfollowed.Apartfromtheregularclassroomlectures,studentshadample
time for hands-on sessions coordinated by Goswami, Reddy and Pandey.
The book has been organizedinto three parts to address the major issues
in cosmochemistry. Part I of the book deals with stellar structure, nucle-
osynthesis and evolution of low and intermediate-mass stars. The lectures by
SimonJefferyoutline stellarevolutionwithdiscussiononthebasicequations,
elementarysolutionsandnumericalmethods.AmandaKarakas’slecturesdis-
cuss nucleosynthesis of low and intermediate-mass stars covering nucleosyn-
thesis prior to the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) phase, evolution during
the AGB, nucleosynthesis during the AGB phase, evolution after the AGB
and massive AGB stars. The slow neutron-capture process and yields from
AGBstarsarealsodiscussedindetailbyKarakas.ThelecturesbySGiridhar
provide some necessary background on stellar classification.
PartIIdealswithexplosivenucleosynthesisthatplaysacriticalroleincos-
mochemistry.The lecturesby KamalesKarprovideessentialbackgroundma-
terialonweak-interactionratesforstellarevolution,supernovaeandr-process
nucleosynthesis. He also discusses in detail the solar neutrino problem. Mas-
sive stars, their evolution and nuclear reaction rates from the point of view
of astronomers and nuclear physicists are discussed by Alak Ray. His lec-
tures alsodescribe the variousstagesof hydrostaticnuclear fuelburning with
illustrative examples of how the reactions are computed. He also discussed
core-collapse (thermonuclear vs. core-collapse) and supernovae in brief. The
lectures by Marcel Arnould address the phenomena of evolution of massive
stars and the concomitant non-explosive and explosive nucleosynthesis. He
highlights a number of important problems that are yet unresolved but cru-
cial for our understanding of Galactic chemical evolution. The p-process nu-
cleosynthesis attributed to the production of proton-rich elements, a topic of
great importance but yet less explored is also discussed in his lectures.
Thethirdandthefinalpartofthebookaddressesuseofsolarsystemabun-
dancesto probecosmochemistryquantitatively.The lecturesby BruceFegley
address cosmochemistry of the major elements; while the lectures by Katha-
rina Lodders discuss elemental abundances in Solar, meteoritic and outside
the solar system.
Cosmochemistry is still an evolving branch of astrophysics, with many
challenges.Thebookisexpectedtoserveasacontemporaryreferencematerial
for research in cosmochemistry. We would like to take this opportunity to
thank all the contributors for making this book a reality.
Bangalore, Aruna Goswami
April 2009 B. Eswar Reddy
Acknowledgement
This school would not have been possible without the dedicated support of
many. We extend our sincere thanks to professor Siraj Hasan, Director, In-
dian Instituteof Astrophysics and professor VinodKrishan for their all round
support for the school.
We are particularly grateful to the school faculty from India and abroad
for readily accepting to participate, prepare lecture notes and spend time with
the students.
The organization of the school is a collective effort of the coordinators, the
convener,themembersofthelocalorganizingcommitteeandmanyothers.We
are thankful to the administrative department of IIA and the staff members of
Kodaikanal Solar observatory for their help and support in various activities
of the school.
Contents
Part I Stellar Structure, Nucleosynthesis and Evolution of Low
and Intermediate-mass Stars
Stellar Structure and Evolution: An Introduction
C. Simon Jeffery................................................. 3
Nucleosynthesis of Low and Intermediate-mass Stars
Amanda I. Karakas ..............................................107
Spectral Classification: Old and Contemporary
Sunetra Giridhar.................................................165
Part II Massive Stars, Core Collapse, Explosive Nucleosynthesis
Weak Interaction Rates for Stellar Evolution, Supernovae
and r-Process Nucleosynthesis
Kamales Kar ....................................................183
Massive stars as thermonuclear reactors and their explosions
following core collapse
Alak Ray........................................................209
The Evolution of Massive Stars and the Concomitant
Non-explosive and Explosive Nucleosynthesis
Marcel Arnould ..................................................277
Part III Cosmochemistry and Solar System Abundances
Cosmochemistry
Bruce Fegley, Jr., Laura Schaefer ..................................347
Solar System Abundances of the Elements
Katharina Lodders ...............................................379
Cosmochemistry: A Perspective
Aruna Goswami .................................................419
List of Contributors
C. Simon Jeffery Bruce Fegley
Armagh Observatory, College Planetary chemistry Laboratory,
Hill, Armagh ET61 9DG, Department of earth and
Northern Ireland planetary sciences, Washington
[email protected] University, St. Louis,
Amanda I. Karakas MO63130-4899, USA
Research School of [email protected]
Astronomy & Astrophysics
[email protected]
Sunetra Giridhar Laura Schaefer
Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Planetary chemistry Laboratory,
Bangalore 560034, India Department of earth
[email protected] and planetary sciences, Washington
Kamales Kar University, St. Louis,
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, MO63130-4899, USA
Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064,India laura [email protected]
[email protected]
Alak Ray
Tata Institute of Fundamental Katharina Lodders
Research, Mumbai 400005,India Planetary chemistry laboratory,
[email protected] Department of earth and planetary
Marcel Arnould sciences and McDonnell centre
Institut d‘Astronomie et for the space sciences, Washington
d‘Astrophysique, Universite‘ University, Campus box,
Libre de Bruxelles, CP-226, 1169, One Brookings Drive, Saint
B-1050 Brussels, Belgium Louis, MO63130,USA
[email protected] [email protected]
School Faculty
Marcel Arnould
Institut d‘Astronomie et d‘Astrophysique,
Universite‘ Libre de Bruxelles, CP-226,B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
[email protected]
Bruce Fegley
Planetary chemistry Laboratory
Department of earth and planetary sciences, Washington University
St. Louis, MO63130-4899,USA
[email protected]
Sunetra Giridhar
Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore 560034,India
[email protected]
Aruna Goswami
Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore 560034,India
[email protected]
C. Simon Jeffery
Armagh Observatory,College Hill, Armagh ET61 9DG, Northern Ireland
[email protected]
Kamales Kar
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064,India
[email protected]
Amanda I. Karakas
Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics
[email protected]
David L. Lambert
McDonald Observatory, University of Texas at austin, Austin
[email protected]
Katharina Lodders
Planetary chemistry laboratory
Department of earth and planetary sciences and McDonnell centre for the
space sciences
WashingtonUniversity,Campusbox,1169,OneBrookingsDrive,SaintLouis,
MO63130,USA
[email protected]