Practical Manual of Land Development

367 Pages·2005·64.77 MB·English

by  Barbara Colley

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Practical Manual
of Land Development
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Practical Manual
of Land Development
Barbara C. Colley, P.E.
Fourth Edition
McGraw-Hill
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid
Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul
Singapore Sydney Toronto
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Colley, B. C. (Barbara C.)
Practical manual of land development / Barbara C. Colley.—4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-07-144866-7
1. Civil engineering—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Building sites—Handbooks, manuals,
etc. 3. City planning—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.
TA151.C65 2005
624—dc22
2005047896
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed
in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States
Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without
the prior written permission of the publisher.
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ISBN 0-07-144866-7
The sponsoring editor for this book was Larry Hager and the production supervisor
was Richard Ruzycka. It was set in Century Schoolbook by International
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fessional should be sought.
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To the young engineers who have been educated in
the principles of engineering but not the day-to-day
work of producing land development projects.
To the working engineers who need a quick reference
or checklist to expedite their work.
To architects and developers who would like to
understand why development engineers do the things
they do.
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Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Chapter 1. Land Development 1
Using This Book 1
Nomenclature 2
Local customs and resources 2
Coordination 2
Public Agencies 3
The role of the public agent 3
Dealing with public agents 3
Public hearings 3
The Developer 4
Health issues and toxic substances 4
Environmental issues 5
Engineering 6
Working in the metric system 6
Numbers 8
Computers 10
Drawings and illustrations 11
The Project 11
Existing conditions 11
Planning the project 12
Criteria 12
Setback requirements 13
Timing 14
Errors and omissions 14
Summary 15
Problems 15
Resources 16
Chapter2. Resources 17
Computers 17
The internet 17
Email 18
vii
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viii Contents
Maps as Resources 18
Aerial maps 19
U.S.Geological Survey (USGS) maps and U.S.Coast
and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS) maps 19
Zoning maps 19
Assessors’parcel maps 24
Geographic information systems 27
Locating Land 27
Title reports 27
Property descriptions 28
Coordinate systems 33
Existing and proposed maps and plans 37
Surveys 38
Control surveys 38
Boundary surveys 38
Photogrammetry 38
Topography 40
Global positioning systems (GPS) 40
Working with Computers 41
Computer-aided design and drafting 41
Spreadsheets 42
Summary 43
Problems 43
Reference 44
Resources 44
Chapter 3. Site Analysis 45
Zoning Considerations 47
Getting Existing Plans 47
Storm drains and sanitary sewers 47
Signing,striping,and signalization 48
Other utilities and services 48
The Site 49
Taking notes and photographs 49
Recognizing significant features 49
Linear Projects 53
Writing the Report 54
Summary 55
Problems 55
Resources 56
Chapter 4. Maps and Plans 57
Maps as Tools 57
Topographic maps 58
Boundary maps 60
Preliminary maps 60
Tentative maps 61
Record of Survey maps 61
Parcel maps 61
Lot line adjustments 61
Subdivision and condominium maps 64
Final maps 64
ALTA maps 64
Alternative route maps 64
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Contents ix
Elements of Plans 70
The plan view 70
Profiles 70
Cross sections 70
Details 71
Cover sheet 73
Index sheet 73
Plan sheets 73
Types of Plans 73
Master plans 75
Demolition plans 75
Grading plans 76
Construction/improvement plans 76
Traffic plans 77
Landscaping plans 78
Utility trench plans 78
Individual site plans 78
As-built plans 78
Summary 79
Problems 79
Resource 79
Chapter 5. Preliminary Engineering 81
Preliminary Design 81
Preliminary Engineering 84
Creating preliminary CADD drawings 84
Maps 86
Cost Estimating 87
Clearing,grubbing,and demolition 90
Grading 91
Streets and highways 91
Storm drains 92
Sanitary sewers 94
Water lines 95
Other utilities 95
Traffic markings and safety features 95
Factors Affecting Costs 96
Miscellaneous costs and fees 97
Fee estimates 97
Contingencies 98
Notes 99
Summary 99
Problems 99
Resources 100
Chapter 6. Earthwork 101
The Geologic Report 101
Landslides 101
Groundwater 102
Earthquakes 102
The Soils Report 103
Slopes 104
Compaction 106
Paving 106
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x Contents
Sources of Earthwork 106
Unsuitable material 106
Constructing the base 107
Miscellaneous earthwork 107
Shrinkage 108
Designing Grading Plans 109
Elevations 109
Contours 111
Cross sections 112
Setting building pad elevations 112
Linear Projects 115
Adjacent property 115
Determining Earthwork Quantities 115
Determining shrinkage volumes 115
Balancing the earthwork 117
Contour grading 118
Mass diagram 118
Erosion,sediment,and dust 120
The Grading Plan 121
Summary 124
Problems 125
Resources 126
Chapter 7. Roadways and Parking Lots 127
Roadway Cross-Section Design 127
Geometric cross sections 127
Structural cross sections 128
Curbs and gutters 129
Superelevations 129
Horizontal Alignment 130
Establishing the reference line 131
Stationing 131
Horizontal sight distances 137
Truck turns 137
Vertical Alignment 137
Designing the roadway profile 138
Profile slopes 139
Calculating the profile 139
Meeting existing roadways 144
Vertical sight distances 145
Drainage Release Points 145
Widening Existing Roadways 148
Parking Lots 149
Handicap parking and ramps 152
Summary 153
Problems 153
Resources 154
Chapter 8. Sanitary Sewers 155
Sources and Quantities 155
Sewage production 155
The fixture-unit method 158