Powered Flight: The Engineering of Aerospace Propulsion

535 Pages·2012·13.59 MB·English

by  David R. Greatrix (auth.)

Powered Flight

David R. Greatrix
Powered Flight
The Engineering of Aerospace Propulsion
123
David R.Greatrix
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Ryerson University
Victoria Street 350
Toronto, ONM5B2K3
Canada
ISBN 978-1-4471-2484-9 e-ISBN978-1-4471-2485-6
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-2485-6
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Preface
Thisbookdocumentstheengineeringbehindmostoftoday’saerospacepropulsion
systems. Some of the material coverage in this book for a number of relevant
propulsion topics is more detailed, in the context of a university or technical
college course textbook at the introductory or advanced level, so that the reader
gets some appreciation of the mathematics (as well as the physics and history)
involved in the science and engineering of propulsion. The wider coverage of
topics in this book gives more context to the reader, and allows one to observe
similarities and differences between systems, observations that otherwise would
notbepossibleinabookdedicatedtoonlyone,orafew,propulsionsystems.The
book has been divided into two main parts, mostly based on the historical sepa-
ration of the two well-established general categories: airplane propulsion and
rocket propulsion. The roots of this book arise from several undergraduate and
graduateaerospaceengineeringcoursestaughtbytheauthoratRyersonUniversity
over the years, including Aerospace Propulsion and Rocket Propulsion, but also
relevantelementsofcourseslikeFlightMechanics,AircraftPerformanceandGas
Dynamics that help bring additional background.
In addition to teaching, the author conducts research in the areas of solid and
hybrid rocket propulsion,and the flightdynamics ofvehicles.Itis hoped thatthis
research activity brings further background and insight in to this book. For
example, in terms of historical context, the author can certainly understand the
demands faced, and the need for persistence required, by researchers past and
present,whostruggleforwardinthefaceofunderfundingandlackofinterestfrom
the surrounding technical community.
PriortojoiningRyersonUniversityin1993,theauthorworkedintheCanadian
aerospace industry for a number of years, as well as a few years at a Canadian
government laboratory. The author is presently an international member of the
AIAASolidRocketsTechnicalCommittee,andovertheyearshasbeenafrequent
presenter of technical papers at various propulsion-related conferences in North
America and Europe.
v

Acknowledgments
Assistanceinthewritingandpublicationofthisbookwasprovidedbyanumberof
people, and I wish to express my gratitude for their help. I wish to express my
thanks to the external reviewers who took the time to read the manuscript, and
provide constructive comments. I would like to acknowledge the various repre-
sentativesofcompanies,technical/educationalorganizations,academicinstitutions
and government agencies who arranged for the usage of material helpful towards
understanding various topics under discussion in this literary effort. In terms of
backgroundpreparationforbringingforththematerialpresentedinthisbook,Iam
indebtedtomyprofessionalcolleaguespastandpresent,closeandfaraway,andto
my undergraduate and graduate students past and present, who directly or indi-
rectly have helped to raise my knowledge level from year to year to a point such
thatacomprehensivebookonaerospacepropulsioncouldultimatelybeproduced.
In addition, some have laid the seeds of motivation that helped inspire the author
to initiate and proceed to complete this venture. Whether intentional or not, they
haveallcontributedtotherealizationofthisbook,andtheseindividualshavemy
thanks.
Colleagues who in different ways have been helpful in support of this literary
effort include my current Ryerson University Propulsion Research Facility col-
leagues, Jerry Karpynczyk and Peter Bradley, and from the past and present
Aerospace Engineering program at Ryerson University, Profs. Cruchley, Downer,
Mölder, McTavish, Liu, Kumar and Okouneva, and from the Mechanical Engi-
neering program at Ryerson, Prof. Kawall. My thanks for the more recent assis-
tance of Prof. Brian Cantwell of Stanford University, Prof. Frank Lu of the
University of Texas at Arlington, and Prof. William Roberts of North Carolina
State University, in graciously providing input to the present effort.
Professors who were instrumental in laying the earlier groundwork for the
author’s subsequent efforts include Prof. Jeffrey Tinkler of the University of
Manitoba,andProf.JamesGottlieboftheUniversityofToronto.Theexchangeof
educational information over the years on gas turbine and other engines by my
long-timefriendatGEAviation,GregJohnson,isacknowledgedherewiththanks.
My father, John Greatrix, a long-time Royal Canadian Air Force fighter pilot and
vii
viii Acknowledgments
Transport Canada aviation inspector, has over the years provided useful infor-
mation about aircraft, aircraft propulsion and aircraft flight operations, and I am
happy to acknowledge his underlying contribution to the present effort, and his
longstanding support. Finally, for her longstanding general support, I should
mention Mary Carmel Roberta (Fraser) Greatrix… thanks, Mom.
Contents
1 Introduction to Aerospace Propulsion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 First Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 ‘‘Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time’’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 From Design to Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Integration of the Propulsion System to the Flight Vehicle . . 10
1.4.1 Engine-Airframe Integration for Airplanes. . . . . . . . 10
1.4.2 Motor or Engine Integration into Rocket Vehicle. . . 13
1.4.3 Thruster-Spacecraft System Integration . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5 Review of Gasdynamics and Thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.6 Closing Comments for this Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.7 Example Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.8 Solutions to Example Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Part I Airplane Propulsion
2 Introduction to Atmospheric Flight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1 Introduction to Propulsion for Airplanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2 Example Mission Requirement: Range and Endurance
of Fixed-Wing Airplanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2.1 Jet Aircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.2 Propellered Aircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3 Example Mission Requirement: Takeoff
of Fixed-Wing Airplanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.1 Introduction to Takeoff Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.2 Takeoff Analysis: Ground Roll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.3 Takeoff Analysis: Climb Segment #1 . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3.4 Approximation Model for Ground Roll. . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3.5 Approximation Model for Climb Segment #1. . . . . . 47
ix