Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

215 Pages·2022·4.711 MB·English

by  Gabor T. Kovacs (editor), Bart Fauser (editor), Richard S. Legro (editor)

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Edited by
Gabor T. Kovacs
MonashUniversity,Melbourne,Australia
Bart C. J. M. Fauser
UniversityMedicalCenter,Utrecht,Netherlands
Richard S. Legro
PennStateMedicalCenter,Hershey,PA,USA
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108839334
DOI:10.1017/9781108989831
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Firstpublished2002
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Kovacs,Gabor,1947April6–editor.|Fauser,B.C.J.M.(Bart
C.J.M.),editor.|Legro,RichardS.,1957–editor.
Title:Polycysticovarysyndrome/editedbyGaborT.Kovacs,Bart
Fauser,RichardS.Legro.
Othertitles:Polycysticovarysyndrome(Kovacs)
Description:Thirdedition.|Cambridge;NewYork,NY:Cambridge
UniversityPress,2022.|PrecededbyPolycysticovarysyndrome/edited
byGaborT.Kovacs,RobertNorman.2nded.2007.|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2021024021(print)|LCCN2021024022(ebook)|
ISBN9781108839334(hardback)|ISBN9781108989831(ebook)
Subjects:MESH:PolycysticOvarySyndrome
Classification:LCCRG480.S7(print)|LCCRG480.S7(ebook)|NLM
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LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021024022
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Published online by Cambridge University Press
Contents
ListofContributors vi
1 IntroductiontoandHistoryofPolycystic 11 OvulationInductioninPolycysticOvary
OvarySyndrome 1 Syndrome 102
GaborT.Kovacs EvertJ.P.vanSantbrink
2 PolycysticOvarySyndrome:From 12 OvarianSurgeryforOvulation
PhenotypetoGenotype 8 Induction 110
JoopS.E.LavenandYvonne GaborT.Kovacs
V.Louwers
13 InVitroFertilizationandAssisted
3 TheEpidemiologyofPolycysticOvary ReproductiveTechnologiesinPolycystic
Syndrome 21 OvarySyndrome 121
LarisaSuturina SusieJacobandAdamBalen
4 OvarianUltrasonographyinPolycystic 14 PregnancyComplicationsandChildren
OvarySyndrome 29 OutcomesinPatientswithPolycystic
HeidiVandenBrinkandMarla OvarySyndrome 131
E.Lujan FemiJanseandBartC.J.M.Fauser
5 TheClassificationofPolycysticOvary 15 TheRoleofInVitroMaturationin
SyndromeInformedbytheInternational PolycysticOvarySyndrome 142
Guideline2018 45 RogerJ.HartandMelanieWalls
RobertJ.Norman,RhondaGaradand
16 TheTreatmentofObesityinPolycystic
HelenaTeede
OvarySyndrome 150
6 TheRelevanceoftheAnti-Müllerian HarryFrydenberg
HormoneinPolycysticOvarySyndrome
DiagnosisandManagement 52 17 MoodDisordersinPolycysticOvary
Syndrome 162
MartinaCapuzzoandAntonioLa
AnujaDokras
Marca
18 TheLong-TermHealthConsequencesof
7 OriginsofPolycysticOvarySyndromeIn
Utero 58 PolycysticOvarySyndrome 170
LisaOwensandStephenFranks
RoyHomburgandClaudiaRaperport
19 PolycysticOvarySyndrome:ThePatient’s
8 AdrenalandPolycysticOvary
Syndrome 67 Perspective 186
SabraLane
OzlemCelikandBülentOkanYildiz
20 CancerandPolycysticOvary
9 PolycysticOvarySyndromeand
EnvironmentalToxins 80 Syndrome 189
PaulHardiman
EleniA.KandarakiandOlgaPapalou
10 LifestyleinPolycysticOvary
Syndrome 92
RhondaGarad,SiewLimandLisa
Index 201
Moran
v
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Contributors
AdamBalenMBBS,MD,DSc,FRCOG,Professor PaulHardiman MBBSMDFRCOGAssociate
ofReproductiveMedicineandSurgery,Leeds ProfessorInstituteforWomen’sHealth,
TeachingHospitals,Leeds,UK UniversityCollegeLondonHonoraryConsultant
inObstetricsandGynaecology,RoyalFreeand
MartinaCapuzzoDepartmentofMedicaland
WhittingtonHospitalsLondon
SurgicalSciencesforMother,ChildandAdult,
UniversityofModenaandReggioEmilia, RogerJ.HartMBBS,MD,FRANZCOG,FRCOG
Modena,ItalyClinicaEUGIN,Modena,Italy CREI,DivisionofObstetricsandGynaecology,
UniversityofWesternAustralia,Perth,
OzlemCelikDivisionofEndocrinologyand WesternAustralia;FertilitySpecialistsof
WesternAustralia,BethesdaHospital,Claremont,
Metabolism,DepartmentofInternalMedicine,
WesternAustralia;KingEdwardMemorial
AcibademUniversitySchoolofMedicine,
Hospital
Istanbul,Turkey
RoyHomburgFRCOG,HomertonUniversity
AnujaDokrasMD,PhD,ProfessorofObstetrics
HospitalNHSTrust,London,UK
andGynecologyDirector,PennPolycysticOvary
SyndromeCenter;MedicalDirector,Hospitalof SusieJacobMBBS,MD,MRCOG,Consultant
theUniversityofPennsylvaniaReproductive inReproductiveMedicine,Calderdaleand
SurgicalFacility;ThePerelmanSchoolof HuddersfieldNHSFoundationTrust,UK
MedicineoftheUniversityof
FemiJanseMD,PhD,Departmentof
Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA
ReproductiveMedicineand
BartC.J.M.FauserMD,PhD,Emeritus Gynecology,UniversityMedicalCenterUtrecht,
ProfessorofReproductiveMedicine,Universityof UniversityofUtrecht,theNetherlands
Utrecht,Utrecht,theNetherlands
EleniA.KandarakiMD,PhD,MRCPUK,
StephenFranksFRCP,MD,FMedSci,Institute EuropeanUniversityCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus
ofReproductiveandDevelopmentalBiology, HygeiaHospital,Athens,Greece
ImperialCollegeLondon,Hammersmith
GaborT.KovacsAM,MD,FRANZCOG,
Hospital,London,UK
FRCOG,CREI,GradDipMgt,FAICD,
HarryFrydenbergAM,FRACS,Director, ProfessorofObstetricsandGynaecology,
Surgeon,EpworthCentreforBariatricSurgery MonashUniversity,Melbourne,
Richmond,Victoria,Australia Australia
RhondaGaradPhD,SeniorLecturerand AntonioLaMarcaProfessor,Obstetrics,
ResearchFellow,MonashCentreforHealth GynecologyandReproductiveMedicine
ResearchandImplementation,MonashUniversity UniversityofModenaandReggioEmilia
PoliclinicodiModena,Italy
RhondaGaradPhD,MPH,RNDiv.1
MonashCentreforHealthResearchand SabraLaneBA,President,NationalPressClub
Implementation,Mona,MonashUniversity, ofAustralia,CanberraPresenter,AMprogram,
Victoria,Australia AustralianBroadcastingCommission
vi
Published online by Cambridge University Press
ListofContributors
JoopS.E.LavenDivisionReproductive OlgaPapalouMD,PhD,HygeiaHospital,
EndocrinologyandInfertility,Departmentof Athens,Greece
ObstetricsandGynaecology,ErasmusUniversity
ClaudiaRaperportMRCOG,PGCert(MedEd),
MedicalCenter,Rotterdam,theNetherlands
BMBS,BMedSCi,HomertonUniversityHospital
SiewLimPhD,MND,BSc(Biomedical),Monash NHSTrust,London,UK
CentreforHealthResearchandImplementation,
LarisaSuturinaMD,PhD,Headofthe
MonashPublicHealthandPreventiveMedicine,
DepartmentofReproductiveHealthProtection,
MonashUniversity,andMonashHealth,
ScientificCenterforFamilyHealthandHuman
Melbourne,Victoria,Australia
ReproductionProblems,Irkutsk,Russian
YvonneV.LouwersDivisionReproductive Federation
EndocrinologyandInfertility,Department
HelenaTeedeMBBS,FRACP,PhD,FAAHMS,
ofObstetricsandGynaecology,Erasmus
ExecutiveDirectorMonashPartnersAcademic
UniversityMedicalCenter,Rotterdam,the
HealthResearchTranslationCentre,Director
Netherlands
MonashCentreforHealthResearchand
MarlaE.LujanPhD,MS,DivisionofNutritional Implementation,MonashUniversity,
Sciences,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA EndocrinologistMonashHealth,Melbourne,
Victoria,Australia
LisaMoranPhD,BND,BSc(Hons),GDipPub
Health,MonashCentreforHealthResearchand EvertJ.P.vanSantbrinkMD,PhD,Department
Implementation,MonashPublicHealth ofReproductiveMedicine,ReinierdeGraaf
andPreventiveMedicine,MonashUniversity, Group,theNetherlands
andMonashHealth,Melbourne,Victoria,
HeidiVandenBrinkPhD,MS,RDMS,Division
Australia
ofNutritionalSciences,CornellUniversity,
RobertJ.NormanAO,MD,FRANZCOG, Ithaca,NY,USA
FRCPA,CREI,FAHMS,GAICD,Professorof
MelanieWallsBSc,BMedSci,PhD,Divisionof
ReproductiveandPericonceptualMedicine,
RobinsonResearchInstitute;ProfessorofWomen’s ObstetricsandGynaecology,Universityof
WesternAustralia,Perth,WesternAustralia;
HealthattheMonashCentreforHealthResearch
FertilitySpecialistsofWesternAustralia,
andImplementationMCHRI,MonashUniversity;
BethesdaHospital,Claremont,Western
ConsultantandSubspecialistinReproductive
Australia;SchoolofMedicalandHealthSciences,
EndocrinologyandInfertility,FertilitySA,Royal
EdithCowanUniversity,Joondalup,Western
AdelaideHospital,Adelaide,Australia
Australia
LisaOwensMB,BCh,BAO,MRCPI,PhD,
BülentOkanYildizMD,ProfessorofMedicine
ConsultantPhysician&Endocrinologist
StJames’sHospital,Dublin,Ireland;Clinical andEndocrinology,HacettepeUniversity
SchoolofMedicine,Departmentof
SeniorLecturerinMedicine,TrinityCollege
InternalMedicineDivisionofEndocrinology
Dublin,IrelandandHonorarySeniorLecturer,
andMetabolism,Ankara,Turkey
ImperialCollegeLondon,UK
vii
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Chapter Introduction to and History of Polycystic
1
Ovary Syndrome
Gabor T. Kovacs
Althoughthemodernhistoryofpolycysticovary Irving Stein was born in Chicago on
syndrome (PCOS) started with the pivotal paper September 19, 1887, the seventh of ten children,
by Stein and Leventhal in 1935,[1] there are to Adolf Stein and Emma Freiler. Stein initially
suggestions that the “syndrome” was referred completed a science degree at the University of
to as early as in the time of Hippocrates (ca. Michigan and subsequently obtained a medical
460–377 BC). Medical notes at the time referred degreefromRushMedicalCollegeinChicagoin
towomen“whosemenstruationislessthanthree 1912.Afteratwo-yearinternshipatMichaelReese
daysorismeager,arerobust,withahealthycom- Hospital in Chicago, he joined the hospital’s
plexionandamasculineappearance;yettheyare obstetricsandgynecologydepartmentasanassis-
notconcernedaboutbearingchildrennordothey tantinsurgery,focusingonwomen’sreproductive
becomepregnant”andsuggestthattheymayhave health and obstetrics and reaching “attending
beendescribingwomenwithPCOS.[2] physician” status by 1915. He married Lucile
IthasalsobeenrecordedthatSoranusofEphesus Oberfelderin1921,andtheyhadtwochildren,a
(ca.AD98–138)describedsome women“whodid son, Irving F. Stein Junior, and a daughter,
not menstruate at all, whose bodies are of Eleanor H. Rusnak. Stein was also a professor at
amasculinetype...weobservethatthemajorityof NorthwesternUniversityandestablishedaprivate
thosenotmenstruatingareratherrobust,likemann- practiceatHighlandParkHospital,Illinois.[3]
ish and sterile women.” More recent accounts of Steinwasknownasawarmandcaringdoctor
women who probably had PCOS are given by aswellasadignifiedandrespectedteacher,often
Maimonides(1135–1204):“therearewomenwhose found with a large group of fellow doctors and
skinisdryandhard,andwhosenatureresemblesthe nursesfollowinghimwhilehedidhisrounds.One
nature of a man. However, if any woman’s nature ofhiscolleagues,MelvinCohen,statedthat“Stein
tendstobetransformedtothenatureofaman,this was meticulous in everything he did, including
does not arise from medications, but is caused by patientcare,surgery,andevenhisappearance,as
heavy menstrual activity”; and by the sixteenth- Steinoftenworeaboutonnieretothehospital.”
century obstetrician and surgeon Ambroise Paré Michael Leventhal joined Steinat the Michael
(1510–1590), who observed: “Many women, when ReeseHospitalin1926,wheretheycollaboratedon
theirflowersortearmesbestopped,degenerateafter research into “sterility in women.” Michael Leo
amannerintoacertainemanlynature,whencethey LeventhalwasalsoborninChicagoandgraduated
are called Viragines, that is to say stout, or manly fromRushMedicalCollege,but12yearsafterStein
women;thereforetheirvoiceisloudandbigger,like (1924). Apart from military service as a medical
untoamans,andtheybecomebearded.” officer inthe USArmy, hespenthisentire career
Alltheseobservationsfitthesymptomatology workingattheMichaelReeseHospital.
of PCOS – menstrual irregularity, subfertility, Before Leventhal, Stein was working with
masculine features and obesity. However, it was Robert Arens studying ovarian abnormalities and
the1934presentationandsubsequentpublication developedamethodforimagingthereproductive
byIrvingSteinand MichaelLeventhalthatiden- organsbyinjectingcarbondioxide intothepelvis
tified this condition as a reproductive disorder andiodizedoilintothefallopiantubes,combined
and proposed an effective treatment – bilateral with X-ray examination. This enabled measuring
ovarianwedge resection(BOWR)– for the asso- the dimensions of the ovaries and the patency of
ciatedsubfertility.[1] the tubes. It was through using this technology
1
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108989831.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press