Political Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: Authors and Arguments

292 Pages·2011·1.8 MB·English

by  Catherine H. Zuckert

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political philosophy in
the twentieth century
Thisbookdemonstratestherichdiversityanddepthofpoliticalphilosophyinthetwentieth
century.CatherineH.Zuckerthascompiledacollectionofworksrecountingthelivesof
political theorists, connecting each biography with the theorist’s life work and explaining
the significance of his or her contribution to modern political thought. The works are
organizedtohighlightthemajorpoliticalalternativesandapproaches.Beginningwithessays
onJohnDewey,CarlSchmitt,andAntonioGramsci,representingthethreemainpolitical
alternatives–liberal,Fascist,andcommunist–atmidcentury,thebookproceedstoconsider
thelivesandworksofe´migre´ssuchasHannahArendt,EricVoegelin,andLeoStrauss,who
broughtacontinentalperspectivetotheUnitedStatesafterWorldWarII.Thesecondhalf
ofthecollectioncontainsworksonrecentdefendersofliberalism,suchasFriedrichHayek,
IsaiahBerlin,andJohnRawls,andonliberalism’smanycritics,includingMichelFoucault,
Ju¨rgenHabermas,andAlasdairMacIntyre.
catherine h. zuckert iscurrentlyProfessorofPoliticalScience,aswellasEditor-in-
Chief of The Review of Politics, at the University of Notre Dame. She has written several
books, the most recent of which is Plato’s Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues. Her
bookshavewonseveralawards,includingtheR.R.HawkinsAwardfortheBestScholarly
and Professional Book in 2009; the PROSE Awards for Best Book in Philosophy and
Excellence in the Humanities; and the PSP Award for the Best Book in Philosophy and
Religionin1990.ZuckerthashadarticlespublishedinPoliticalTheory,TheJournalofPolitics,
History of Political Thought, The Review of Politics, Philosophy & Rhetoric, Epoche´, Review of
Metaphysics,Polity,Interpretation,andTheClaremontReviewofBooks.

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
IN THE TWENTIETH
CENTURY
Authors and Arguments
Editedby
CATHERINE H. ZUCKERT
UniversityofNotreDame
cambridgeuniversitypress
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,
Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521185066
(cid:2)C CatherineZuckert2011
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noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
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Firstpublished2011
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
Politicalphilosophyinthetwentiethcentury:authorsandarguments/editedby
CatherineZuckert.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
isbn978-1-107-00622-5(hardback)–isbn978-0-521-18506-6(paperback)
1.Politicalscience–Philosophy–History–20thcentury. 2.Politicalscientists–
History–20thcentury. I.Zuckert,CatherineH.,1942– II.Title.
ja83.p5628 2011
320.01–dc22 2011011457
isbn978-1-107-00622-5Hardback
isbn978-0-521-18506-6Paperback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurlsfor
externalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnot
guaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Contributors pagevii
Introduction:politicalphilosophyinthetwentiethcentury 1
catherine h. zuckert
Part I: The three basic alternatives in the early twentieth century
1 JohnDewey:philosophyastheoryofeducation 19
david fott
2 CarlSchmitt:politicaltheologyandtheconceptofthepolitical 32
tracy b. strong
3 AntonioGramsci:liberationbeginswithcriticalthinking 44
joseph buttigieg
Part II: E´migre´ responses to World War II
4 Philosophyasawayoflife:thecaseofLeoStrauss 61
steven b. smith
5 Thephilosopher’svocation:theVoegelinianparadigm 80
ellis sandoz
6 YvesR.Simon:aphilosopher’squestforscienceandprudence 91
walter nicgorski
7 HannahArendt:fromphilosophytopolitics 108
dana r. villa
Part III: The revival of liberal political philosophy
8 FriedrichHayekonthenatureofsocialorderandlaw 129
eric mack
9 MichaelOakeshott:thephilosophicalskepticinanimpatientage 142
timothy fuller
v
Contents
10 Moralpluralismandliberaldemocracy:IsaiahBerlin’sheterodox
liberalism 154
william galston
11 H.L.A.Hart:atwentieth-centuryOxfordpoliticalphilosopher 170
john m. finnis
12 JohnRawlsandthetaskofpoliticalphilosophy 185
paul weithman
13 RichardRorty:liberalism,irony,andsocialhope 198
michael bacon
Part IV: Critiques of liberalism
14 Jean-PaulSartre:“inthesoup” 215
william leon mcbride
15 MichelFoucault:anethicalpoliticsofcareofselfandothers 228
alan milchman and alan rosenberg
16 Ju¨rgenHabermas:postwarGermanpoliticaldebatesandthemaking
ofacriticaltheorist 238
william e. scheuerman
17 AlasdairMacIntyreonpoliticalthinkingandthetasksofpolitics 252
arthur madigan, s. j.
18 Anotherphilosopher-citizen:thepoliticalphilosophyof
CharlesTaylor 264
ruth abbey
Index 279
vi
Contributors
RUTH ABBEY is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of
Notre Dame. She is the author of Nietzsche’s Middle Period and Philosophy Now:
CharlesTaylor,aswellaseditorofContemporaryPhilosophyinFocus:CharlesTaylor.
MICHAELBACONisLecturerinPoliticalTheoryatRoyalHolloway,University
ofLondon.HeistheauthorofRichardRorty:PragmatismandPoliticalLiberalism,as
wellasarticlesonRorty,pragmatism,anddeliberativedemocracy.
JOSEPH BUTTIGIEG is William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of English and Co-
DirectorofItalianStudiesattheUniversityofNotreDame.Heispresidentofthe
InternationalGramsciSociety,as wellas editor and translator ofthemultivolume,
completecriticaleditionofAntonioGramsci’sPrisonNotebooks.
JOHN M. FINNIS isProfessorEmeritusofLawandLegalPhilosophyatOxford
UniversityandBiolchiniFamilyProfessorofLawattheUniversityofNotreDame.
OneofH.L.A.Hart’smostfamousstudents,FinnisisalsoamemberoftheBritish
Academy. He is the author of Natural Law and Natural Rights, among numerous
otherworks.
DAVID FOTT is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of
Nevada, Las Vegas, where he is also Director of the Great Works Academic Cer-
tificateprogram.HeistheauthorofJohnDewey:America’sPhilosopherofDemocracy,
aswellasarticlesandbookchaptersonDewey,Cicero,Machiavelli,Montesquieu,
U.S.presidentialpower,andJaneAusten.
TIMOTHY FULLER is Lloyd E. Worner Distinguished Service Professor of
PoliticalScienceatColoradoCollege.Hehaspublishedmanyessaysandhasedited
numerousbooks,includingReassessingtheLiberalState;LeadingandLeadership;The
VoiceofLiberalLearning:MichaelOakeshottonEducation;MichaelOakeshottonReligion,
Politics, and the Moral Life; and Something of Great Constancy: Essays in Honor of the
Memoryof J.GlennGray.
vii
Contributors
WILLIAM GALSTON is Ezra K. Zilkha Chair in Governance Studies at the
Brookings Institution. His books include Justice and the Human Good, Liberal Pur-
poses,andLiberalPluralism:TheImplicationsofValuePluralismforPoliticalTheoryand
Practice,ofwhichchapter5dealsexplicitlywiththeliberalismofIsaiahBerlin.
ERIC MACK isProfessorofPhilosophyatTulaneUniversity.Heistheauthorof
LockeinContinuumPress’sMajorConservativeandLibertarianThinkersseries,as
well as articles on the foundation of moral rights, property rights and distributive
justice,andthelegitimatescopeofcoerciveinstitutions.
ARTHUR MADIGAN, S. J., is Professor and Chair of the Department of Phi-
losophy at Boston College. He has published “Plato, Aristotle, and Professor
MacIntyre” in Ancient Philosophy, as well as books on Alexander of Aphrodisias
andAristotle’sMetaphysics.
WILLIAM LEON MCBRIDE is Arthur G. Hansen Distinguished Professor of
Philosophy at Purdue University and president of the International Federation
of Philosophical Societies. His publications include Social and Political Philosophy,
Sartre’sPoliticalTheory,PhilosophicalReflectionsontheChangesinEasternEurope,and
FromYugoslavPraxistoGlobalPathos:Anti-HegemonicPost-Post-MarxistEssays.
ALAN MILCHMAN co-edited (with Alan Rosenberg) Foucault and Heidegger:
Critical Encounters, Postmodernism and the Holocaust, and Martin Heidegger and the
Holocaust.HeisLecturerintheDepartmentofPoliticalScienceatQueensCollege
oftheCityUniversityofNewYork.
WALTER NICGORSKI is Professor in the Program of Liberal Studies and
Concurrent Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. His
essays on Cicero, liberal and character education, the American founding, Leo
Strauss,andAllanBloomhaveappearedincollectionsandsuchjournalsasPolitical
Theory,Interpretation,andthePoliticalScienceReviewer.HeisaformereditorofThe
ReviewofPolitics.
ALAN ROSENBERG co-edited (with Alan Milchman) Foucault and Heidegger:
Critical Encounters, Postmodernism and the Holocaust, and Martin Heidegger and the
Holocaust.HeisProfessorofPhilosophyatQueensCollegeoftheCityUniversity
ofNewYork.
ELLIS SANDOZ isHermannMoyseJr.DistinguishedProfessorofPoliticalSci-
ence and the Director of the Eric Voegelin Institute for American Renaissance
StudiesatLouisianaStateUniversity,aswellasfounderoftheEricVoegelinSoci-
ety. He edited The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin (34 vols.) and is the author or
editoroftwentyotherbooks,includingPoliticalApocalypse:AStudyofDostoevsky’s
GrandInquisitorandRepublicanism,Religion,andtheSoulofAmerica.
viii