Plant Stems: Physiology and Functional Morphology (Physiological Ecology)

461 Pages·1995·22.33 MB·English

by  Barbara L. Gartner

Plant Stems: Physiology and
Functional Morphology
Physiological Ecology
A Series of Monographs, Texts, and Treatises
Series Editor
Harold A. Mooney
Stanford University, Stanford, California
Editorial Board
Fakhri Bazzaz E Smart Chapin James R. Ehleringer
Robert W. Pearcy Martyn M. Caldwell E.-D.S chulze
T. T. KOZLOWSKI. Growth and Development of Trees, Vol-
umes I and II, 1971
D. HILLEL. Soil and Water: Physical Principles and Processes, 1971
V. B. YOUNGER and C. M. McKELL (Eds.). The Biology and Utili-
zation of Grasses, 1972
J. B. MUDD AND T. T. KOZLOWSKI (Eds.). Responses of Plants to
Air Pollution, 1975
R. DAUBENMIRE. Plant Geography, 1978
J. LEVITT. Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses, Second
Edition
Volume I: Chilling, Freezing, and High Temperature Stresses, 1980
Volume II: Water, Radiation, Salt, and Other Stresses, 1980
j. A. LARSEN (Ed.). The Boreal Ecosystem, 1980
S. A. GAUTHREAUX, JR. (Ed.). Animal Migration, Orientation, and
Navigation, 1981
E J. VERNBERG and W. B. VERNBERG (Eds.). Functional Adapta-
tions of Marine Organisms, 1981
R. D. DURBIN (Ed.). Toxins in Plant Disease, 1981
C. P. LYMAN, J. s. WILLIS, A. MALAN, and L. C. H. WANG. Hiber-
nation and Torpor in Mammals and Birds, 1982
T. T. KOZLOWSKI (Ed.). Flooding and Plant Growth, 1984
E. I. RICE. Allelopathy, Second Edition, 1984
M. L. CODY (Ed.). Habitat Selection in Birds, 1985
R.J. HAYNES, K. C. CAMERON, K. M. GOH, and R. R. SHERLOCK
(Eds.). Mineral Nitrogen in the Plant-Soil System, 1986
T. T. KOZLOWSKI, P.J. KRAMER, and S. G. PALLARDY. The Physi-
ological Ecology of Woody Plants, 1991
H. A. MOONEY, W. E. WINNER, AND E.J. PELL (Eds.). Response
of Plants to Multiple Stresses, 1991
The list of titles in this series continues at the end of this volume.
Plant Stems: Physiology
and Functional
Morphology
Edited by
Barbara L. Gartner
San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Cover photograph: Bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa Michx, located in the floodplain of
the Missouri River near McBaine, Missouri. Photograph courtesy of Dr. F. Duhme.
This book is printed on acid-free paper. (~
Copyright (cid:14)9 1995 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Academic Press, Inc.
A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495
United Kingdom Edition published by
Academic Press Limited
24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Plant stems: physiological and functional morphology / editor, Barbara L.
Gartner.
p. cm. -- (physiological ecology series)
Includes index.
ISBN 0-12-276460-9
1. Stems (Botany) 2. Tree trunks. I. Gartner, Barbara L.
II. Series: Physiological Ecology.
QK646.P58 1995
581.4'95--dc20 95-2197
CIP
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
95 96 97 98 99 00 B B 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Contributors xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvi
Part I
Roles of Stem Architecture in Plant Performance
I. Introduction 3
II. Constraints on Optimal Stem Allocation, Form, and Growth
Dynamics 4
III. Energetic Trade-offs and Predicted Trends 10
IV. Conclusion and Coda 39
References 41
I. Introduction 51
II. Adaptive Opportunities in Flower and Fruit Placement 52
III. Functional Constraints on Reproduction 58
IV.. Biomechanical Factors Influencing the Placement of Flowers
and Fruits 62
V. Can Flower Placement Constrain Stem or Shoot Growth? 64
VI. How Are Flower Types Influenced by Flower Placement? 65
VII. Prospects for Further Research: Exploring Trade-offs 67
References 68
Contents
I. Trees as Sailboats 75
II. Human-Made Engineering Design versus Grown Biomechanical
Design 76
III. Optimum Mechanical Design 77
IV.. The Design Principle in Trees 79
V. Safety Factors 84
VI. Relevance of Hollow Spaces and Cavities to Safety of Trees 85
VII. Repair of the Damaged Optimum 87
VIII. Summary 88
References 89
F.
I. Introduction 91
II. Stem Hydraulics and Adaptations to Drought 93
III. Stem Height and Form 94
IV. Architectural Strategies 96
V. Future Areas for Research 99
References 99
Part H
Roles of Stems in Transport and Storage of Water
I~ Introduction 105
II. Importance of Stem Water Transport 105
III. Limits on Stem Water Transport: Cavitation 107
I~. Freezing and Cavitation 107
V. Water Stress and Cavitation 112
VI. Conclusions 120
References 120
I. Introduction 125
II. Typical Patterns of Xylem Variation 126
III. Variation in Water Transport 130
Contents
IV. Variation in Stresses, Structure, and Density 136
V. Conclusions 144
References 145
I. Introduction 151
II. Approaches to Studying Stem Water Storage 152
III. Structural Features Influencing Stem Water Storage 156
W. Ecological Significance of Stem Water Storage 164
-V. Conclusions and Directions for Future Research 169
References 169
Part III
Roles of Live Stem Cells in Plant Performance
I. Introduction 177
II. Anatomical Features of Stems in Relation to Storage and Internal
Exchanges between Transport Channels 178
III. Modeling Empirically the Role Played by Stems in Partitioning, Storage,
and Utilization of Specific Nutrient Elements 182
IV. Case Studies 183
V. Conclusions 201
References 202
I. Introduction 205
II. Channel-Associated Cells in Xylem: Involvement in
N Economy 206
III. Channel-Associated Cells in Phloem: Background and Concept 210
IV. Channel-Associated Cells in the Phloem Loading Zone: Loading
Mechanisms and Potential Consequences 216
V. Channel-Associated Cells in Phloem Transport Zone 217
VI. Ecological Strategies and Operation of Channel-Associated Cells 218
References 220
Contents
I. Introduction 223
II. Extent of Stem Photosynthesis 226
III. Nature of Stem Photosynthetic Apparatus 227
IV. Ecophysiological Significance 234
V. Summary and Goals for Future Research 236
References 238
I. Introduction 241
II. Organisms in the Food Web and Their Importance for Plant
Growth 242
III. Organisms in the Food Web and Their Functions 244
IV.. Plant Surface Food Webs 245
V. Stem Attack by Wood-Boring Insects 251
VI. Conclusions 253
References 254
I. Introduction 257
II. Ontogeny and Development of Vegetative Buds 258
III. Biochemical and Cytological Changes during Bud Development 262
IV. Patterns of Axillary Bud Development 267
V. Plasticity of Developmental Potential 271
VI. Summary: Development of Reserve Meristems 274
References 276
I. Introduction 281
II. Identification, Metabolism, and Movement of Hormones 282
III. Hormonal Control of Radial Growth 288
W. Hormonal Control of Longitudinal Growth 296
V. Conclusions and Future Directions 303
References 305
Contents
Part IV
Roles of Stems in Preventing or Reacting to Plant Injury
I. Introduction 323
II. Cell-Level Injury and Recovery 325
III. Plant Level 333
IV. Fire Injury and Invasions by Invertebrates and Fungi 338
V. Conclusions 339
References 339
I. Introduction 343
II. Types of Air Pollutants and Their Effects 343
III. Evidence from Studies of Tree Rings 347
IV. Effect of CO2 Enrichment on Stem Growth in Trees 352
V. Model of Air Pollutant Effects on Stem Growth 356
VI. Conclusions 356
References 357
I. Introduction 365
II. Mammals 365
III. Bark Beetles 372
IV. Conclusions 375
References 375
I. Introduction 383
II. Defense of Bark 384
III. Defense of Sapwood 301
IV. Defense of Heartwood 308
V. Conclusions 3OO
References 401