Plant protection : control methods and their management

478 Pages·2014·16.224 MB·English

by  Ruth MacNeil Kerruish

P
LANT
P 2
ROTECTION

Control Methods and
their Management

4th edition

Ruth M. Kerruish
with original line drawings by
Adrienne L. Walkington

ROOTROT PRESS ACT
Copyright

Copyright for material in this book is held by the authors, illustrators and third
parties who have made photographs, drawings and product labels available for
educational purposes only. Trademarks used in this book to describe firms or
their products are trademarks of those firms or the registered proprietor of the
trademark and are therefore also protected by copyright. Other material in this
book is available for personal use.

FOURTH EDITION PUBLISHED 2014
Previous editions: 1st edition 1985; 2nd edition 1990, 3rd edition 2001

Copyright2014 Ruth M. Kerruish
Copyright2014 Adrienne L. Walkington

DISTRIBUTED BY: PRINTED BY:
Qld Textbook Warehouse Kwik Kopy Printing Strathpine
PO Box 3220, Brackenridge, Qld, Australia 4017 172 South Pine Road, Brendale 4500
 07 3261 1300 1800 611300 Fax [phone]  07 3881 3133 Fax [phone]
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PUBLISHED BY:
RootRot Press - ACT
22 Lynch Street, Hughes,
Canberra, ACT, Australia 2605
 [phone]

ISBN 978-1-875907-08-3 (print)

Dewey Number: 632.90994

Author: Kerruish, Ruth M. (Ruth MacNeil), 1936- author.
Walkington, Adrienne L., illustrator.
Title: Plant protection: control methods and their management /
Ruth M Kerruish; illustrations by Adrienne L Walkington.
Edition: 4th edition.
Series: Plant protection; v. 2.
Subjects: Horticulture--Australia.
Weeds--Control--Australia.
Pests--Control—Australia. Plants,
Protection of Australia.
Agricultural pests--Control--Australia.
Plant diseases--Control--Australia.

ISBN 978-1-875907-09-0 (ebook)

By the same author:
PLANT PROTECTION 1: Pests, Diseases and Weeds (with Phillip Unger)
PLANT PROTECTION 3: Selected Ornamentals, Fruit and Vegetables
PLANT PROTECTION 4: How to Diagnose Plant Problems
ii Prelims
Disclaimer

This book is a guide only. While the information in this book is believed to be accurate at
the time of publication, the author and publisher make no warranties, expressed or implied, as to
the accuracy, adequacy or currency of the information presented in this book. The material
contained in this book is not intended to provide specific advice.

No reader should act on the basis of anything contained in this book without taking appropriate
advice on their own particular circumstances.

It should be recognized that there are differences in soils, climates and seasonal conditions, and
that pests, diseases and weeds do not occur uniformly across Australia and may spread to new
regions within Australia. New pests, diseases and weeds may enter Australia. Advisors and
growers will need to adapt information to suit their particular conditions, regions and situations.

Reference to a product or a particular brand of product in this publication (whether the reference
appears in an illustration, photograph or in any other form) does not imply the author’s or
publisher’s approval or endorsement of the product or the brand. Similarly, by the omission of
certain trade names and some formulated products, either unintentionally or from lack of space,
the author or the publisher is not inferring that these products or brands are not approved.

By allowing the use of their product labels and other material, companies do not imply that they
are endorsing the contents of the publication. Although efforts are made to have up-to-date
material, labels change, and with time the labels in this publication may not be the current
version.

The author and publisher do not guarantee the current status of registered uses of any of the
pesticides or other products mentioned as these are constantly changing. Users must comply
with current pesticide legislation and follow instructions on currently registered labels attached
to the container. If information in this book conflicts with that on a current label, follow label
instructions.

Summaries of legislation should not be regarded as a legal interpretation which should be
sought from the administering authority. Legislation is subject to amendment and updating
from time to time so it is necessary to keep up-to-date with any changes.

Websites referred to, or activated in this book, are not under the control of the author or
publisher who accept no responsibility or liability in relation to their content.

Prelims iii
Acknowledgements

The author would like to acknowledge the contributions made
by the many professional people and their organizations that
have made this book possible.
I would particularly like to thank Bill and Douglas Kerruish for
their advice and support and Stefan Alexander and John
Kerruish for their computing assistance.

The following drawings, diagrams, photographs and labels are reproduced for educational
purposes only with permission of:
CopyrightCanberra Institute of Technology. CopyrightMin of Agriculture NZ.
page 13. Black spot (scab) on pears page 193. White rust of chrysanthemum
page 35. Oedema CopyrightDr Louise Morin CSIRO.
page 139. Rust on antirrhinum, oak leafminer (Fig.16) pages 12, 147. Myrtle rust
pages 147, 315, 339. Twospotted mites
pages 147, 307. Hormone herbicide injury to grape CopyrightYates.
page 222. Apple russet ringspot symptoms page 9. Problem Solver
CopyrightNSW Department of Industry and Investment. CopyrightOrganic Logos.
page 13. Magnesium deficiency page 388. Australian Certified Organic (ACO)
page 34. Carnation frost page 388. NASAA Certified Organic (NCO)
page 38. Wind damage to citrus (Fig.5) page 389. Organic Food Chain (OFC)
page 51. Citrus deficiencies (Fig.6) page 389. Tasmanian Organic Dynamic Producers (TOP)
page 79. Fruit tree borer damage page 389. Bio-Dynamic Research Institute (BDRI)
page 98. Common spotted ladybird page 389. Safe Food Production Queensland (sfq)
page 104. Helicoverpa caterpillars page 390. Organic Federation of Australia (OFA)
page 139. Woolly aphid damage, rust on geranium (Fig.16) Copyright TAIR (www.arabidopsis.org).
page 167. Rhizctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Phytophthora pages 168, 409. Arabidopsis
(Fig18) CopyrightShanahan, G. J. and Hughes, P. B. 1981.
page 307. Hormone herbicide injury to tomato (2,4-D)
Looking at Insecticide Resistance. Seed & Nursery Trader.
CopyrightState Forests of NSW. pages 303, 428. Selection of Resistant Pests
page 139. Gumtree scale (Fig.16)
CopyrightWendy Unger.
CopyrightCSIRO Australia. pages 183, 201. Apple
page 71. Compost (Handrek 1994) (Fig.9)
CopyrightCygnis insignis.Public domain.Oz Native
page 85. Rust on skeleton weed
plants.
page 85. Pest and natural enemy population dynamics
page 89. Rabbits round a water hole (Fig.12) page 254. Bull banksia
page 91. Cactoblastis caterpillars CopyrightShirai, Y. et al. (2005). "Directional Control in
page 94. Cactoblastis caterpillars and damage Thermally Driven Single-Molecule Nanocars". Nano
CopyrightState of Victoria. Department of Sustainability Letters. 5 (11): 2330–4.
and Environment Marks, G. C., Fuhrer, B. A. and Walters, N. page 422. Chemical structure of a nanocar
E. M. 1982. Tree Diseases in Victoria. Forests Com., Vic.

page 153. Gray mold on callistemon
CopyrightThe State of Queensland (through the
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry 2014.
page 192. Electric ants
CopyrightAustralian Department of Agriculture.
Copyright Pesticide and other Product Labels
page 193. Branched broomrape
page 178. Giant African snail AgBiotech Monsanto
page 185. Asian gypsy moth caterpillar Agrimm Technologies Multicrop
CopyrightPlant Health Australia (PHA). Bayer Organic Crop Protectants
page 177. Key components of Australia’s Plant Biosecurity Becker Underwood Sanoway
Continuum Bioglobal Scotts Australia
pages 76, 80, 201. Farm Biosecurity Sign Chemtura SST Australia
CopyrightAPVMA. Colin Campbells Syngenta
page 287. Model Pesticide Chemical Labels (Table 21) Crop Care UPL
CopyrightInsense/Desire Pest management Desire Valent BioSciences
page 245. Desire codling moth trap Dow AgroSciences Yates
CopyrightAgsafe. Ecogrow
pages 263, 282, 292, 309. DrumMUSTER logo
pages 281, 309. Agsafe logo

iv Prelims
Contents
Prelims
Identify the pest, pest information
Control methods
Cultural
Sanitation
Biological control
Resistant, tolerant varieties
Biosecurity
Disease-tested planting material
Physical methods
Pesticides
Management and Quality Assurance
Managing a crop
Integrated pest management (IPM)
Environmental management
Organic standards
Holistic management
Appendices
Appendix 1. Plagues and epidemics
Appendix 2. Genetic engineering (GE)
Appendix 3. Nanotechnology
Appendix 4. Risk assessment and management
Appendix 5. Pesticide resistance
Appendix 6. Pesticide residues (MRLs, WHPs, trade)
Appendix 7. 3 Generations of pesticides
Appendix 8. Training
Glossary
Index

Prelims
Copyright ii
Disclaimer iii
Acknowledgements iv
Contents v
Preface ix

IDENTIFY THE PEST, PEST INFORMATION 1
Why identify pests, non-pests and beneficials? 2
Difficulties in identifying the host 4
Difficulties in identifying the pest 5
Other difficulties in the diagnostic road map 8
Diagnostic and information services 9
Identifying the pest and control 12
Review questions and activities 14
Selected resources 14

CONTROL METHODS 15
Host, pest and the environment 16
In a perfect world 17
Different control methods 18
Control methods for different objectives 19
Preventative and curative 19
Exclude, eradicate, contain, manage 20
Crop stages 22
Management 23
Limitations to choice of controls 24
Commonalities 25
Time and timing are everything 26
People and pests, diseases and weeds 27
Challenges 28
Review questions and activities 28
Selected resources 28
Prelims v
CULTURAL METHODS 29
Introduction 30
Modifying the environment 32
Planting, spacing, pruning, etc 42
Soil and soil organic matter (SOM) 43
Mulches 46
Nutrients 48
Conservation tillage (CT) 54
Crop rotation (CR) 56
Fallowing 58
Mixed plantings 59
Managing cultural methods 60
Pros, cons and challenges 63
Review questions and activities 63
Selected resources 64
SANITATION 65
Introduction 66
Diseased and infested plant material 67
Disposal and recycling 70
Hands, equipment, containers, soil 74
Mowers, harvesters, brushcutters 76
Managing sanitation 77
Pros, cons and challenges 81
Review questions and activities 82
Selected resources 82
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 83
Introduction 84
Rabbits and other vertebrate pests 89
Weeds 91
Insects and allied pests 98
Plant diseases and abiotic factors 112
Effective biological control 125
Managing biocontrol methods 131
Pros, cons and challenges 134
Review questions and activities 135
Selected resources 135
RESISTANT VARIETIES, TOLERANT VARIETIES 137
Introduction 138
When to use resistant, tolerant varieties 142
Abiotic traits being looked at today 144
How plants defend themselves 148
Sources of resistant genes 151
How resistant, tolerant plants are produced 154
Screening plants for resistance, tolerance 159
Breakdown of resistance 162
Managing plant resistance 164
Pros, cons and challenges 169
Review questions and activities 169
Selected resources 170
BIOSECURITY 171
Introduction 172
Shared responsibility 174
Legislation and trade 176
Biosecurity – Commonwealth 177
Offshore activities 178
Border activities 182
Onshore activities 186
Biosecurity – State, Territory, Regional 196
Biosecurity – on-farm, orchard, nursery 200
Pros, cons and challenges 203
Review questions and activities 204
Selected resources 204
vi Prelims
DISEASE-TESTED PLANTING MATERIAL 205
Introduction 206
Disease-free or disease-tested? 207
Contaminated planting material 208
Treatments to eliminate diseases and pests 213
Area freedom 218
Certification schemes 219
Managing disease-tested planting material 223
Preventing re-infection or re-infestation 223
Using certified plant material 226
Pros and cons and challenges 227
Review questions and activities 228
Selected resources 228
PHYSICAL METHODS 229
Introduction 230
Abrasive and absorptive inert dusts 231
Electric discharges 231
Environmental gases 232
Frightening devices and sound responses 232
Irradiation 233
Light-induced phenomena 234
Physical shocks 236
Relative humidity 237
Temperature 238
Traps and barriers 244
Managing physical methods 253
Pros, cons and challenges 255
Review questions and activities 256
Selected resources 256
PESTICIDES 257
What are pesticides? 258
Legislation 259
Commonwealth legislation (registration) 259
State / Territory legislation (control of use) 268
Local government (councils) 270
Regulations, Codes, Standards, Duty of Care 271
User licensing 273
User training 274
Manufacturers and retailers 281
Pesticide chemical labels 283
Understanding pesticide chemical labels 287
Safety data sheets (SDSs) 293
Issues of concern and opportunities 297
Managing pesticides 314
Review questions and activities 315
Selected resources 316

MANAGEMENT & QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA) 317
Management systems 318
Quality assurance (QA) 320
Some Management / QA programs 324
Challenges 326
Selected resources 326
MANAGING THE CROP 327
Planning 328
Growing the crop 330
Selection 330
Establishment 331
Maintenance 331
Harvest and postharvest 332
The audit 332
Improve 332
Prelims vii
IPM - Integrated Pest Management 333
What is IPM? 334
Steps in successful IPM 336
Step 1. Forward planning 336
Step 2. Crop, farm, orchard, nursery, area 338
Step 3. Identify key pests and beneficials 339
Step 4. Preventative measures 342
Step 5. Monitoring pests and beneficials 343
Step 6. Thresholds 346
Step 7. Curative measures 347
Step 8. Evaluation (3rd party audit) 350
Examples of integrated management 351
Crops and situations 351
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 352
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) 353
Integrated Weed Management (IWM) 355
Pros and challenges 357
Review questions and activities 357
Selected resources 358
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 359
Introduction 360
Legislation, standards, codes, etc 362
Environmental management 363
Best Management Practice (BMP) 363
Environmental Management Systems (EMS) 364
Tool kits for EMS / QA programs 365
Environmental Assurance (EA) for horticulture 366
Sustainable agriculture / horticulture 370
Ecologically sustainable development (ESD) 370
Precision agriculture (PA) and Precision horticulture (PH) 372
Conservation agriculture (CA) 374
Resilient systems 375
Biological farming, organic farming, permaculture 376
Integrating EMS with other systems 377
Challenges 379
Review questions and activities 379
Selected resources 379
ORGANIC STANDARDS 381
Standards 382
Certification 384
General requirements 384
Production requirements 385
Certification requirements 386
Approved Certifying Organizations (ACOs) 388
Other organic and advisory groups 390
A National Organic Logo / Mark 391
Managing organic standards 392
Pros, cons and challenges 394
Review questions and acivities 396
Selected resources 396
HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT 397
Features 398
Examples of holistic management 399
Challenges 402
Selected resources 402

APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Plagues and epidemics 403
Appendix 2. Genetic engineering (GE) 409
Appendix 3. Nanotechnology 419
Appendix 4. Risk assessment and management 425
Appendix 5. Pesticide resistance 427
Appendix 6. Pesticide residues (MRLs, WHPs, Trade) 429
Appendix 7. 3 Generations of pesticides 432
Appendix 8. Training 441

GLOSSARY & ACRONYMS 445

INDEX 455
viii Prelims