Table Of ContentPLANT COLD HARDINESS
and FREEZING STRESS
MECHANISMS
and CROP IMPLICATIONS
Volume 2
Edited by
P. H. LI
Laboratory of Plant Hardiness
Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota
A. SAKAI
Laboratory of Frost Injury in Plants
The Institute of Low Temperature Science
Hokkaido University
Sapporo, Japan
1982
ACADEMIC PRESS
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
New Yor k Londo n
Pari sS a n Dieg oS a n Francisc oS a o Paul o Sydne y Toky o Toront o
COPYRIGHT © 1982, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, TNC
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC
OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY
INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT
PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Plant cold hardiness and freezing stress.
Proceedings of an international plant cold hardiness
seminar held in St. Paul, Minn., Nov. 2-4, 1977 and
sponsored by United States National Science Foun
dation, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science,
and College of Agriculture, University of Minnesota.
Vol. 2 based on the proceedings of the 2nd
international seminar on plant cold hardiness, held
at the Sapporo Educational and Cultural Hall,
Sapporo, Japan, Aug. 11-14, 1981.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
1. Plants—Frost resistance—Congresses.
2. Plants, Effect of cold on—Congresses. 3. Crops
and climate—Congresses. I. Li, P. H. (Paul H.),
1933- . II. Sakai, A. (Akira), 1920-
III. National Science Foundation (U.S.) IV. Nippon
Gakujutsu Shikokai, V. University of Minnesota,
College of Agriculture.
QK756.P53 582' .019165 78-7038
ISBN 0-12-447602-3 (v. 2)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
82 83 84 85 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
P. K. ANDREWS (529), IAREC, Washington State University, Prosser,
Washington
T. ASAHI (671), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture,
Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
M. R. BECWAR (307), National Seed Storage Laboratory, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado
M. J. BURKE (211, 307), Department of Fruit Crops, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida
J. V. CARTER (169, 379), Laboratory of Plant Hardiness, Department of
Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Minne
sota, St. Paul, Minnesota
Η. H. CHEN (5), Crop Development Center, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
L. CHRISTERSSON (605), Department of Ecology and Environmental
Research, The Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
H. A. DONG (243), Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Peking, China
M. F. DOWGERT (459), Department of Agronomy, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York
B. ELFMAN (129), Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western
Ontario, London, Canada
N. ESTRADA R. (615), Tuberous Crops Program, Colombian Institute of
Agriculture, Bogota, Colombia
R. Y. EVANS (459), Department of Agronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York
ix
χ CONTRIBUTORS
Β. J. FINKLE (643), USDA-SEA, Western Regional Research Center, 800
Buchanan Street, Berkeley, California
D. B. FOWLER (23), Crop Development Center, University of Sas
katchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
L. H. FUCHIGAMI (93), Department of Horticulture, University of
Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
H. FUCHINOUE (499), Saitama Prefectoral Experiment Station of Tea, Iruma
Saitama, Japan
M. F. GEORGE (367), School of Forestry, University of Missouri, Colum
bia, Missouri
W. J. GORDON-KAMM (459), Department of Agronomy, Cornell Univer
sity, Ithaca, New York
M. GRIFFITH (129), Department of Botany, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, Canada
L. V. GUSTA (23, 93, 297), Crop Development Center, University of Sas
katchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
C. L. GUY (169, 561), Laboratory of Plant Hardiness, Department of Hor
ticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul Minnesota
S. HATANO (145, 157), Department of Food and Technology, Faculty of
Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
D. B. HAYDEN (129), Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western On
tario, London, Canada
T. HOLUBOWICZ (541), Department of Pomology, Academy of Agricultural
Science, Poznan, Poland
S. G. HONG (341), Department of Forestry, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul, South
Korea
W. G. HOPKINS (129), Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western
Ontario, London, Canada
N. P. A. HUNER (129), Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western
Ontario, London, Canada
S. ICHIKI (181), Aomori Apple Experiment Station, Kuroishi, Aomori, Japan
I. IKEDA (575), Akitsu Branch, Fruit Tree Research Station, Ministry of
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Akitsu, Hiroshima, Japan
M. ISHIKAWA (325), The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo, Japan
M. IWAYA (357), College of General Education, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,
Japan
K. G. JENSEN (221), Department of Botany, University of Iowa, Iowa City,
Iowa
Κ. B. JEON (357), Department of Biology, Jeonbug National University, Jeonju,
Korea
L. C. JIAN (243), Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Peking, China
K. KABATA (145), Department of Food and Technology, Faculty of
Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
CONTRIBUTORS xi
A. KACPERSKA (261), Institute of Botany, University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland
S. KAKU (357), College of General Education, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,
Japan
M. A. KHAMIS (541), College of Moistour of Agricultural University of
Zagazig, Egypt
R. J. KLOSSON (55), Institute of Botany, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf,
West Germany
K. KOBAYASHI (93), Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon
G. H. KRAUSE (55), Institute of Botany, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf,
West Germany
W. LARCHER (417), Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck,
Austria
J. S. LI (285), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology, Academia Sinica,
Shanghai, China
P. H. LI (5, 221, 379), Laboratory of Plant Hardiness, Department of Hor
ticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul, Minnesota
S. E. LINDOW (395), Department of Plant Pathology, University of California,
Berkeley, California
M. MAESHIMA (671), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture,
Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
M. MATSUOKA (671), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture,
Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
R. Q. MI (285), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology, Academia Sinica,
Shanghai, China
T. NIKI (189), The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, Japan
S. OOHATA (437), Kyoto University Forest in Hokkaido, Department of
Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
T. OSHIMA (661), Mitsubishi-Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
J. P. PALTA (221), Department of Botany, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
D. M. PATON (77), Department of Botany, The Australian National University,
Canberra, Australia
J. PIENIAZEK (541), Department of Pomology, Academy of Agricultural
Science, Poznan, Poland
E. L. PROEBSTING (529), IAREC, Washington State University, Prosser,
Washington
C. RAJASHEKAR (211, 379), Laboratory of Plant Hardiness, Department of
Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Minne
sota, St. Paul, Minnesota
H. SADAKANE (157), Department of Food and Technology, Faculty of
Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
xii CONTRIBUTORS
A. SAKAI (199, 325, 427, 437, 487, 635), The Institute of Low Temperature
Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
K. A. SANTARIUS (475), Institute of Botany, University of Dusseldorf,
Dusseldorf, West Germany
T. SATO (447), The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido Universi
ty, Sapporo, Japan
E. SIKORSKA (261), Institute of Botany, University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland
D. SIMINOVITCH (117), Chemistry and Biology Research Institute,
Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
P. L. STEPONKUS (459), Department of Agronomy, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York
E. SUCOFF (341), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota,
St. Paul, Minnesota
D. L. SUN (243), Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Peking, China
L. H. SUN (243), Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Peking, China
R. TIMMIS (93), Weyerhaueser Company, Tacoma, Washington
B. TISSERAT (643), Fruit and Vegetable Chemistry Laboratory, USDA-ARS,
Pasadena, California
Τ. TOYAO (591), Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Research
Institute of Tea, Kanaya, Shizuoka, Japan
U. TRUSTER (55), Institute of Botany, University of Dusseldorf, Dusselforf,
West Germany
Τ. I. TRUNOVA (41), Institute of Plant Physiology, The USSR Academy of
Science, Moscow, USSR
N. J. TYLER (23), Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
M. UEMURA (487, 635), The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo, Japan
J. M. ULRICH (643), USDA-SEA, Western Regional Research Center, 800
Buchanan Street, Berkeley, California
I. URITANI (671), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya
University, Nagoya, Japan
H. C. WANG (285), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology, Academia Sinica,
Shanghai, China
Y. Q. WANG (285), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology, Academia Sinica,
Shanghai, China
C. J. WEISER (1, 93), Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon
S. C. WIEST (511), Department of Horticulture, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas
H. YAMAYA (181), Aomori Apple Experiment Station, Kuroishi, Aomori,
Japan
CONTRIBUTORS xiii
G. YELENOSKY (561), Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-SEA-AR,
2120 Camden Road, Orlando, Florida
S. YOSHIDA (273, 297, 487), The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hok
kaido University, Sapporo, Japan
F. YOSHIE (427), The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido Univer
sity, Sapporo, Japan
Symposium participants and contributors (left to right). First row: L. C. Jian, H. Fuchinoue, S. Yoshida, S. Hatano, J. P. Palta, B. J. Finkle, A. Kacperska, D. Siminovitch, A. Sakai, P. H. Li, Τ. I. Trunova, T. Holubowicz, S. C. Wiest, P. L. Steponkus,W. Larcher, E. Niki, N. Estrada, M. Uemura, S. Oohata, I. Ikeda, T. Asahi, M. Iwaya, E. L. Proebsting, Μ. N. Westwood, S. E. Ashina. Second row: T.Lindow, H. Sadakane, G. Yelenosky, N. Huner, S. Kaku, E. A. Ashby. Third row: T. Sato, F. Yoshie, T. Hashimoto, T. Toyao, M. J. Burke, Carter, L. Christersson, D. M. Paton, W. R. Breidenbach, G. H. Krause, J. Y. Guo, K. A. Santarius. Fourth row: Y. Oshima, M. F. J. V. Fuchigami, O. Shibata, S. Ichiki, M. Ishikawa, H. C. Wang, Y. C. Zhu, S. G. Hong, T. Oshima, I. Nishiyama, N. George, L. V. Gusta, L. H.Murata.
Preface
This volume is based on the proceedings of the second international seminar on
plant cold hardiness, which was held at the Sapporo Educational and Cultural
Hall, Sapporo, Japan, August 11-14,1981. It contains a series of valuable articles
on the studies of plant cold hardiness since the first seminar was held in 1977.*
The seminar was again jointly sponsored by the United States National Science
Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science under the
auspices of the United States Japan Cooperative Science Program. The primary
focus was to update the knowledge of the fundamental phenomena of plant cold
acclimation and freezing behavior, to examine the hypotheses and new ideas that
were thought to be important in plant cold hardiness research, and to review the
application of research findings for improving quality of life. It was also our in
tention to utilize this forum to introduce younger investigators and newcomers to
the scientific community interested in plant cold hardiness.
It is hoped that the information reported in this volume will make an addi
tional, significant contribution to researchers involved in understanding and
planning research strategies for plant cold hardiness and for attenuating crop
losses by frosts and severe winters.
We would like to express our appreciation to Dr. Mikio Arie, the President of
Hokkaido University; Dr. Seiiti Kinosita, the Director of the Institute of Low
Temperature Science, Hokkaido University; and Dr. Malcolm Purvis, the
Director of International Agriculture Programs, College of Agriculture,
University of Minnesota, for their interest and support.
*P.H. Li and A. Sakai, editors (1977). "Plant Cold Hardiness and Freezing
Stress. Mechanisms and Crop ImplicationsAcademic Press, New York.
XV
PREFACE
We would also like to express our thanks to the Japan Society of the Promotion
of Science; the United States National Science Foundation (Tokyo Regional Of
fice), especially to Dr. Ebert A. Ashby, the Head of Japan and Southeast Asia
Programs; and the staff and the graduate students of the Section of Frost Injury
in Plants, the Institute of Low Temperature Science, for their help in organizing
the seminar. A special word of thanks goes to Mrs. E. Ueno at the Institute of
Low Temperature Science, for her impeccable secretarial work for more than two
years.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge Ms. Virginia M. Dahm, Department of
Horticultural Science, for her preparation of the camera-ready manuscript, and
the contributions of the staff of Academic Press in bringing the volume to rapid
publication.
