Table Of ContentPLANNING AND DESIGN OF
PORTS AND MARINE
TERMINALS
2nd Edition
Hans Agerschou, Ian Dand, Torben Ernst, Harry Ghoos,
Ole Juul Jensen, Jens Korsgaard, John M. Land, Tom McKay,
Hocine Oumeraci, Jakob Buus Petersen, Leif Runge-Schmidt,
Hanne L. Svendsen
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PublishedbyThomasTelfordPublishing,ThomasTelfordLtd,1HeronQuay,
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Firsteditionpublished1983byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
Reprintedwithcorrections1985
Secondeditionpublished2004
AlsoavailablefromThomasTelfordBooks
Breakwaters,coastalstructuresandcoastlines.EditedbyN.W.H.Allsop.
ISBN0727730428
Concreteincoastalstructures.EditedbyT.C.Allen.
ISBN0727726102
Portdesigner’shandbook:Recommendationsandguidelines.CarlA.Thoresen.
ISBN0727732285
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Contents
Foreword to first edition xv
Foreword to second edition xvii
Chapter1 Introduction Hans Agerschou 1
Generalconsiderations 1
Generalaspectsofplanninganddesign 2
Thechoiceofgenerallocationsfornewportsandportextensions 3
Chapter2 Facilities requirements Hans Agerschou 5
Introduction 5
Facilitiesrequirements 5
Generalconsiderations 5
Analyticalsolutionsfordeterminationoffacilitiesrequirements 6
Computersimulation 17
References 20
Chapter3 Determination of facilities requirements for container
terminals by a hybridapproach consisting of computer
simulation, analyticaland empirical solutions
Hans Agerschou 21
Introduction 21
Requirementsforahybridapproach 22
Quaysandassignmentsofberths 23
Shiparrivals,servicetimeanddepartures 24
Shipscallingattheterminalandthecontainerexchange
pership 24
Statisticalanalysesofdistributionsofboxexchangespership
andoflengthsofshipsfor20containerterminals 26
General 26
Resultsforimport/exportterminalswithouttrans-shipment 26
Resultsfortrans-shipmentterminals 29
Resultsformixedimport/exportandtrans-shipmentterminals 29
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PLANNING AND DESIGN OF PORTS AND MARINE TERMINALS
Containerquaycranes 29
Containerhandlingbetweenquaycranesandyardequipment 30
Containerthroughput 30
Containerstorageyards 31
Yard(s)forinboundcontainerswithcargoandinternal
movements 31
Yard(s)foroutboundcontainerswithcargo 31
Yard(s)fortrans-shipmentcontainers 33
Yard(s)forempties 33
Containerflowstoandfromyardsbylandtransport 33
Yardarea,layoutandequipment 34
Stacksforinboundcontainerswithcargoandinternal
movement(shifting)ofcontainers 34
Stacksforoutboundcontainerswithcargoandfor
trans-shipmentcontainersaswellasforinboundand
outboundempties 35
Majorsimulationoutputs 36
Conclusions 37
References 38
Chapter4 Economicand financial feasibility Hans Agerschou 39
Generalconsiderations 39
Evaluationofeconomicfeasibility 39
Economiccosts 41
Economicbenefits 41
Least-costsolutions 46
Financialfeasibility 47
Generalconsiderations 47
Evaluationoffinancialfeasibility 48
References 48
Chapter5 Ships and their influence on portfacilities
Hans Agerschou and Jakob Buus Petersen 49
Introduction 49
Maindimensions 50
Generalconsiderations 50
Maindimensions 50
Lengthoverall 63
Extremebreadth 64
Draught 64
Cargo-carryingcapacityandcargounitscarried 64
Cargo-handlinggear 66
Sizeandshapeofhullandsuperstructure 66
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CONTENTS
Hullstrength 68
Superstructureconfiguration 69
Motionandmoorings 70
Manoeuvrabilityatlowspeed 75
Generalconsiderations 75
Modeltests 76
Computersimulationmodels 77
References 81
Chapter6 Accesschannels and basins Dr Ian Dand 83
Introduction 83
Accesschannels 83
Generalconsiderations 83
Thedesignofaccesschannels 84
Conceptdesign 85
Detaileddesign 95
Safetycriteria 103
Basins 105
Openbasins 105
Closedbasins 106
References 107
Chapter7 Breakwaters OleJuul Jensenand
Professor, Dr Hocine Oumeraci 108
Introduction 108
Influenceofbreakwatersonsiteselection 108
Relationsbetweenbreakwaterandlayoutofport 109
Typesofbreakwaters 111
Functionalrequirements 111
Climatic,oceanographicandhydrographicconditions 111
Construction 114
Designofrubble-moundbreakwaters 114
General 114
Mainelements 117
Rubble-moundhydraulics 120
Modesofdamageduetowavesanddesignofmainelements 120
Overtopping 143
Prototypemeasurements 144
Recentchangesinbreakwaterdesignandconstructionpractice 145
Modeltests 146
Constructionofrubble-moundbreakwaters 151
Generalconsiderations 151
Constructionmethods 151
vii
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PLANNING AND DESIGN OF PORTS AND MARINE TERMINALS
Constructionmaterials 154
Constructioncrosssectionsandstrategy 155
Caissonbreakwatertypesandlessonslearnedfromfailures 155
Typesofcaissonbreakwaters 155
Lessonslearnedfromverticalbreakwaterfailures 157
Designofcaissonbreakwaters 161
Outlineofdesignproceduresandgeneralconsiderations 161
Hydraulicperformance 163
Waveloadingofcaissonswithplainfrontwalls 171
WaveloadingofperforatedJarlan-typecaissons 192
Totalwaveforces 193
Waveloadsonarmouredcaissonbreakwaters 197
Waveloadsonhigh-mound-compositebreakwaters(HMCB) 200
Otherimportantdesignloads 206
Stabilityconsiderations 206
Hydraulicmodeltesting 221
Constructionofcaissonbreakwaters 224
Constructabilityandconstructionstages 224
Caissondimensionsandstructuralmembers 225
Assessmentofallowablewaveconditionsforconstruction 226
Productionandtransportationofcaissons 227
Preparationoffoundation,sinkingandplacingofcaissons 233
Fillingofcaissoncells 235
Measuresagainstscouranderosionduringconstruction 236
Securingjointsbetweencaissons 238
Creststructures 239
Innovativecaissonbreakwaters 243
General 243
Innovationprinciplesandtheirapplication 244
Perspectivesoncaisson-typestructures 248
Monitoring,inspection,maintenanceandrepairs 249
Purposeandgeneralstrategy 249
References 256
Chapter8 Berth and terminal design ingeneral. Storagefacilities and
cargo-handling systems Harry Ghoos, JensKorsgaard,
Leif Runge-Schmidt and Hans Agerschou 263
Introduction 263
Generalcargoberths 265
Berthsurfaceelevations 265
Apronwidths 265
Totalwidthsoflandareabehindquayface 266
Transitsheds 266
viii
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CONTENTS
Opentransitstorage 268
Pavements 269
Cargo-handlingsystems 270
Containerterminals 274
Generalconsiderations 274
Apronelevationandwidth 275
Container-yardequipment 277
Yardlayoutandstackingpatterns 281
Handlingbetweenshipandapron 283
Pavements 284
Buildings 284
Partlyandfullyautomaticterminals 284
Mixedgeneralcargo-containerterminalsandgeneralcargo
terminalssuitableforconversiontocontainertraffic 285
Roll-on/roll-offterminals 285
Generalconsiderations 285
Facilitiesforro/roshipswithoutrampsorwithlongitudinal
ramps 286
Advancedro/rosystems 288
Ferryterminals 290
Generalconsiderations 290
Thetraffic 291
Marshallingyards 292
Passengerfacilities 293
Berthfacilities 293
Scourprotection 297
High-speedferryterminals 297
Generalconsiderations 297
Thetraffic 299
Marshallingyards 299
Passengerfacilities 301
Berthfacilities 301
Scourprotection 301
Liquid-bulkterminals 302
Generalconsiderations 302
Conventionalberthsforcrudeoilandpetroleumproducts 303
Storagefacilitiesforliquids 306
Conventionalterminalsforrefrigeratedand/orcompressed
liquidgases 306
Storagefacilitiesforliquidgases 308
Offshoreterminals 308
Dry-bulkterminals 312
Generalconsiderations 312
ix
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PLANNING AND DESIGN OF PORTS AND MARINE TERMINALS
Conventionalexportterminals 314
Conventionalimportterminals 317
Environmentalconsiderations 319
Multiple-useberths 320
Offshoreterminalsforslurriedbulk 320
Fishingports 321
Generalconsiderations 321
Thecatchandthefleet 323
Landingandprocessing 323
Berthingfacilities 324
Serviceandrepairfacilities 324
Icesupply 325
Pollutioncontrol 325
Ancillaryfacilities 325
Anexampleofamodernfishingport 326
References 332
Chapter9 Berth and terminal structures design Torben Ernst and
Leif Runge-Schmidt 333
Introduction 333
Definitions 333
Basisfordesign 334
Facilitiesrequirements 334
Siteconditions 335
Generaldesignconsiderations 336
Least-costsolutions 336
Twoimportantsiteconditions 337
Vertical-facestructuresversusopenstructures 338
Costestimates 338
Quaystructures 340
Generalconsiderations 340
Traditionalsheet-pilewalls 340
Sheet-pilewallwithrelievingplatform 348
Gravityquaywall 351
Openstructures 355
Piers 358
Generalconsiderations 358
Piledpiers 358
Floatingpiers 360
Jetties 362
Fenders 364
Rubbingorprotectionfenders 365
Fenderswhichimprovemooringconditions 365
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CONTENTS
Energyabsorbingfenders 365
Kineticenergy 366
Fenderreactions 367
Typesoffenders 368
Rubberfenders 368
Pneumaticfenders 374
References 375
Chapter10 Environmentalconsiderations Hans Agerschou 376
Introduction 376
Adverseenvironmentaleffectsresultingfromconstructionand
practicalremedialmeasures 376
Effectsofcapitaldredgingandreclamationonthefloraand
faunainseawater,onandbelowtheseabottom 376
Waterpollution 377
Airpollution 377
Noiseandvibrationpollution 377
Adverseenvironmentaleffectsresultingfromportoperationand
practicalremedialmeasures 377
Maintenancedredging 377
Waterpollutioncausedbycargohandling 378
Airpollutioncausedbycargohandlingandstorage 378
Noisepollutioncausedbyships,landtransportand
cargohandling 378
Pollutioncausedbydirtycargo 378
Fires,explosionsandotherseriousaccidentscausedby
‘dangerous’cargo 379
Waterpollutioncausedbydischargeofsolidandliquidwaste
fromships 379
Water,seabottomandshorepollutioncausedbygroundingor
otherdamagetoships 380
Environmentalimpactassessment 380
References 380
Chapter11 Dredging and disposal of contaminated sediments
John M. Land 381
Introduction 381
Dredging 382
Generalconsiderations 382
Dredgingandtransportmethods 383
Impactmitigation 388
Monitoringofdredgingoperations 388
Healthandsafety 389
xi
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