Table Of ContentPhysics of Cancer, Volume 1
(Second Edition)
Interplay between tumor biology, inflammation and cell mechanics
Biophysical Society series
Editorial Advisory Board Members
Geoffrey Winston Abbott Da-Neng Wang
UC Irvine, USA New York University, USA
Mibel Aguilar Les Satin
Monash University, Australia University of Michigan, USA
Cynthia Czajkowski Kathleen Hall
University of Wisconsin, USA Washington University in St Louis, USA
Miriam Goodman David Sept
Stanford University, USA University of Michigan, USA
Jim Sellers Andrea Meredith
NIH, USA University of Maryland, USA
Joe Howard Leslie M Loew
Yale University, USA University of Connecticut School of
Medicine, USA
Meyer Jackson
University of Wisconsin, USA
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Physics of Cancer, Volume 1
(Second Edition)
Interplay between tumor biology, inflammation and cell mechanics
Claudia Tanja Mierke
University of Leipzig
IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK
ªIOPPublishingLtd2018
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ISBN 978-0-7503-1753-5(ebook)
ISBN 978-0-7503-1751-1(print)
ISBN 978-0-7503-1752-8(mobi)
DOI 10.1088/978-0-7503-1753-5
Version:20181001
IOPExpandingPhysics
ISSN2053-2563(online)
ISSN2054-7315(print)
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PublishedbyIOPPublishing,whollyownedbyTheInstituteofPhysics,London
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This book was written with the support of Thomas M L Mierke.
Contents
Preface xii
Preface for second edition xiii
Acknowledgments xiv
Author biography xv
Part I Introduction to tumor biology from a biophysical
point of view
1 Initiation of a neoplasm or tumor 1-1
1.1 Initiation of a neoplasm, tumor growth and neoangiogenesis 1-1
1.1.1 Initiation of a neoplasm and tumor growth 1-2
1.1.2 The primary tumor changes from normoxia to hypoxia 1-4
1.1.3 Neoangiogenesis 1-12
1.2 Malignant progression of cancer (metastasis) 1-19
1.2.1 Spreading of cancer cells and collective cell behavior 1-35
1.2.2 Single-cell migration of cancer cells into the microenvironment 1-64
1.2.3 Distinct features of the collective migration phenotype of 1-72
cancer cells
1.2.4 Transendothelial migration of cancer cells 1-76
1.2.5 Secondary tumor in targeted tissues 1-83
1.3 Hallmarks of cancer 1-83
1.4 The impact of the mechanical properties of cancer cells on their 1-86
migration
References and further reading 1-88
2 Inflammation and cancer 2-1
2.1 Inflammation: acute and chronic 2-1
2.1.1 Receptors involved in leukocyte activation 2-4
2.1.2 Extravasation of inflammatory cells 2-5
2.2 The dual relationship between inflammation and cancer 2-15
2.2.1 Inflammation can cause cancer (pro-tumorigenic) 2-18
2.2.2 Inflammation can inhibit cancer (anti-tumorigenic) 2-28
2.2.3 Cancer induces inflammation 2-29
2.2.4 Cancer inhibits inflammation 2-31
References and further reading 2-33
vii
PhysicsofCancer,Volume1(SecondEdition)
Part II The role of the mechanical properties of cancer cells in
cellular invasion
3 Cellular stiffness and deformability 3-1
3.1 How can cellular stiffness and the deformability of cells be measured? 3-2
3.2 Magnetic tweezers 3-3
3.2.1 Bi-directional magnetic tweezers 3-7
3.2.2 Microrheology 3-8
3.2.3 Adhesion forces 3-11
3.2.4 Overall cellular stiffness and fluidity 3-12
3.3 Optical cell stretcher 3-14
3.3.1 A short introduction to the historical development of the 3-15
optical stretcher
3.3.2 Does optical cell stretching affect the viability of 3-23
stretched cells?
3.3.3 Biomedical application of the optical cell stretcher 3-26
3.3.4 The optical deformability of mouse fibroblasts 3-27
3.3.5 The optical deformability of human breast carcinoma cells 3-27
3.4 Optical tweezers 3-29
3.5 Microfluidic filtration and mechanical deformability 3-30
3.6 Real-time deformation cytometry 3-31
References and further reading 3-32
4 Cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion strength, local cell 4-1
stiffness and forces
4.1 Atomic force microscopy 4-2
4.1.1 Cellular stiffness 4-13
4.1.2 Adhesion forces between cells 4-19
4.1.3 Adhesion forces between a cell and the extracellular matrix 4-25
4.2 Traction forces 4-29
4.2.1 2D forces on planar substrates 4-30
4.2.2 3D forces within a 3D collagen matrix scaffold 4-38
4.3 Lipid drops as stress sensors 4-41
4.4 Dual micropipette aspiration (DPA) 4-42
4.5 Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based molecular tension 4-45
sensors
References and further reading 4-46
viii
PhysicsofCancer,Volume1(SecondEdition)
5 Cell surface tension, the mobility of cell surface receptors 5-1
and their location in specific regions
5.1 Surface tension 5-2
5.2 The mobility of surface receptors 5-15
5.3 Specific membrane regions as a location for surface receptors 5-21
5.4 Role of the cortex confinement on membrane diffusion 5-30
References and further reading 5-35
6 Cytoskeletal remodeling dynamics 6-1
6.1 Cytoskeletal remodeling dynamics within unperturbed cells 6-1
6.2 Cytoskeletal remodeling dynamics upon mechanical stretching 6-2
6.3 Dynamic cell-level responses derive from local physical cues 6-4
6.4 Cytoskeletal dynamics in 3D differ from those observed in 2D 6-6
6.5 Nano-scale particle tracking 6-7
6.6 FRAP 6-23
References and further reading 6-28
Part III The role of actin filaments and intermediate filaments
during cell invasion
7 Role of the actin cytoskeleton during matrix invasion 7-1
7.1 The actin cell cytoskeleton 7-1
7.2 The actin monomer 7-3
7.3 The actin filaments and polymerization 7-4
7.4 Actin structures: protrusions and cell–cell junctions 7-7
7.4.1 Filopodium 7-12
7.4.2 Lamellipodium 7-14
7.4.3 Microvilli 7-17
7.4.4 Invadopodium 7-18
7.5 Does so-called ‘cortical actin’ and an actin cortex exist? 7-19
7.6 The different stress-fiber types 7-23
7.7 Actin–myosin interaction during cell migration 7-26
7.7.1 Introduction to the superfamily of myosins 7-27
7.7.2 Myosin motors and their diverse functions 7-32
7.8 The effect of actin-bunding proteins on cell migration and invasion 7-35
7.9 The actin-binding proteins 7-37
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