Table Of ContentW. W. Norton & Company, Inc. • www.NortonEbooks.com
PHYSICS
FOR ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS
THIRD EDITION
Volume Two
Hans C. Ohanian, John T. Markert
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Physics for
Engineers and
Scientists
Third Edition
Volume 2 (Chapters 22–36)
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
WAVES AND OPTICS
THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY
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W • W • NORTON & COMPANY NEW YORK • LONDON
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Physics for
Engineers and
Scientists
Third Edition
Volume 2 (Chapters 22–36)
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
WAVES AND OPTICS
THE THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY
HANS C. OHANIAN,
UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT
JOHN T. MARKERT,
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
B
W • W • NORTON & COMPANY NEW YORK • LONDON
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To Susan Ohanian,writer,who gently tried to teach me some of her craft.—H.C.O.
To Frank D.Markert,a printer by trade;to Christiana Park,for her thirst for new knowledge;and to
Erin,Ryan,Sean,and Gwen,for their wonder and clarity.—J.T.M.
Copyright © 2007 by W.W.Norton & Company,Inc.
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Third Edition
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Brief Contents
Chapters 1–21 appear in Volume 1; Chapters 22–36 appear in
Volume 2; Chapters 36–41 appear in Volume 3.
PREFACE xiii
OWNER’S MANUAL xxv
PRELUDE: THE WORLD OF PHYSICS xxxv
PART I MOTION, FORCE, AND ENERGY 1 PART IV ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 692
1. SPACE, TIME, AND MASS 2 22. ELECTRIC FORCE AND ELECTRIC CHARGE 694
2. MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE 28 23. THE ELECTRIC FIELD 721
3. VECTORS 69 24. GAUSS’ LAW 756
4. MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS 94 25. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND ENERGY 789
5. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION 130 26. CAPACITORS AND DIELECTRICS 828
6. FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS 173 27. CURRENTS AND OHM’S LAW 858
7. WORK AND ENERGY 204 28. DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS 887
8. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 235 29. MAGNETIC FORCE AND FIELD 926
9. GRAVITATION 271 30. CHARGES AND CURRENTS IN MAGNETIC
FIELDS 964
10. SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES 305
31. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 993
11. COLLISIONS 338
32. ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS 1030
12. ROTATION OF A RIGID BODY 365
13. DYNAMICS OF A RIGID BODY 394
14. STATICS AND ELASTICITY 429 PART V WAVES AND OPTICS 1068
33. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 1070
PART II OSCILLATIONS, WAVES, AND FLUIDS 466 34. REFLECTION, REFRACTION, AND OPTICS 1111
35. INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION 1168
15. OSCILLATIONS 468
16. WAVES 507
17. SOUND 536 PART VI RELATIVITY, QUANTA,
18. FLUID MECHANICS 565 AND PARTICLES 1214
36. THE THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY 1216
PART III TEMPERATURE, HEAT, AND 37. QUANTA OF LIGHT 1254
THERMODYNAMICS 600 38. SPECTRAL LINES, BOHR’S THEORY, AND QUANTUM
MECHANICS 1286
19. THE IDEAL GAS 602
39. QUANTUM STRUCTURE OF ATOMS, MOLECULES,
20. HEAT 628 AND SOLIDS 1320
21. THERMODYNAMICS 661 40. NUCLEI 1354
41. ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND COSMOLOGY 1396
APPENDICES A-1
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Table of Contents
Chapters 1–21 appear in Volume 1; Chapters 22–36 appear in
Volume 2; and Chapters 36–41 appear in Volume 3.
PREFACE xiii 3.3 The Position Vector;Components of a
OWNER’S MANUAL xxv Vector 76
3.4 Vector Multiplication 81
PRELUDE: THE WORLD OF PHYSICS xxxv
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 87
PART I MOTION, FORCE, AND ENERGY 1
4. MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS 94
4.1 Components of Velocity and Acceleration 95
1. SPACE, TIME, AND MASS 2
4.2 The Velocity and Acceleration Vectors 98
1.1 Coordinates and Reference Frames 3 4.3 Motion with Constant Acceleration 102
1.2 The Unit of Length 5 4.4 The Motion of Projectiles 104
1.3 The Unit of Time 9 4.5 Uniform Circular Motion 112
1.4 The Unit of Mass 11 4.6 The Relativity of Motion and the Addition
of Velocities 115
1.5 Derived Units 13
1.6 Significant Figures;Consistency of Units and SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
Conversion of Units 14 PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 118
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 20 5. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION 130
5.1 Newton’s First Law 131
2. MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE 28
5.2 Newton’s Second Law 133
2.1 Average Speed 29 5.3 The Combination of Forces 138
2.2 Average Velocity for Motion along a 5.4 Weight;Contact Force and Normal Force 141
Straight Line 32 5.5 Newton’s Third Law 144
2.3 Instantaneous Velocity 35 5.6 Motion with a Constant Force 151
2.4 Acceleration 39 SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
2.5 Motion with Constant Acceleration 42 PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 159
2.6 The Acceleration of Free Fall 49
2.7* Integration of the Equations of Motion 54
6. FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS 173
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 57 6.1 Friction 174
6.2 Restoring Force of a Spring;Hooke’s Law 182
3. VECTORS 69 6.3 Force for Uniform Circular Motion 184
6.4* The Four Fundamental Forces 191
3.1 The Displacement Vector and Other Vectors 70
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction 72 PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 192
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viii CONTENTS
7. WORK AND ENERGY 204 12.2 Rotation about a Fixed Axis 367
12.3 Motion with Constant Angular
7.1 Work 205 Acceleration 374
7.2 Work for a Variable Force 211 12.4* Motion with Time-Dependent Angular
7.3 Kinetic Energy 214 Acceleration 376
7.4 Gravitational Potential Energy 218 12.5 Kinetic Energy of Rotation;Moment of
Inertia 378
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 224
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 384
8. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 235
13. DYNAMICS OF A RIGID BODY 394
8.1 Potential Energy of a Conservative Force 236
8.2 The Curve of Potential Energy 244 13.1 Work,Energy,and Power in Rotational Motion;
8.3 Other Forms of Energy 248 Torque 395
8.4* Mass and Energy 251 13.2 The Equation of Rotational Motion 399
8.5 Power 253 13.3 Angular Momentum and its Conservation 406
13.4* Torque and Angular Momentum as
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 259 Vectors 410
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
9. GRAVITATION 271 PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 417
9.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 272 14. STATICS AND ELASTICITY 429
9.2 The Measurement of G 277
9.3 Circular Orbits 278 14.1 Statics of Rigid Bodies 430
9.4 Elliptical Orbits;Kepler’s Laws 282 14.2 Examples of Static Equilibrium 433
9.5 Energy in Orbital Motion 288 14.3 Levers and Pulleys 441
14.4 Elasticity of Materials 445
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 293
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 450
10. SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES 305
10.1 Momentum 306
PART II OSCILLATIONS, WAVES,
10.2 Center of Mass 313
AND FLUIDS 466
10.3 The Motion of the Center of Mass 323
10.4 Energy of a System of Particles 327
15. OSCILLATIONS 468
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 328
15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 469
11. COLLISIONS 338 15.2 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 476
15.3 Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy 480
11.1 Impulsive Forces 339 15.4 The Simple Pendulum 484
11.2 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 344 15.5* Damped Oscillations and Forced
11.3 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 348 Oscillations 488
11.4* Collisions in Two and Three Dimensions 351
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 494
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 354
16. WAVES 507
12. ROTATION OF A RIGID BODY 365
16.1 Transverse and Longitudinal Wave Motion 508
12.1 Motion of a Rigid Body 366 16.2 Periodic Waves 509
