Table Of Content

(cid:105) (cid:105) “K16305” — 2013/10/9 — 10:49 (cid:105) (cid:105) Physical Layer Security in Wireless Communications © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC (cid:105) (cid:105) (cid:105) (cid:105) (cid:105) (cid:105) “K16305” — 2013/10/9 — 10:49 (cid:105) (cid:105) WIRELESS NETWORKS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS Dr. Yan Zhang, Series Editor Simula Research Laboratory, Norway E-mail: [email protected] Broadband Mobile Multimedia: Physical Layer Security in Wireless Techniques and Applications Communications Yan Zhang, Shiwen Mao, Laurence T. Yang, Xiangyun Zhou, Lingyang Song, and Yan Zhang and Thomas M. Chen ISBN: 978-1-4665-6700-9 ISBN: 978-1-4200-5184-1 Resource, Mobility, and Security Cognitive Radio Networks: Architectures, Management in Wireless Networks and Protocols, and Standards Mobile Communications Yan Zhang, Jun Zheng, and Hsiao-Hwa Chen Yan Zhang, Honglin Hu, and Masayuki Fujise ISBN: 978-1-4200-7775-9 ISBN: 978-0-8493-8036-5 Cooperative Wireless Communications RFID and Sensor Networks: Yan Zhang, Hsiao-Hwa Chen, Architectures, Protocols, Security and and Mohsen Guizani Integrations ISBN: 978-1-4200-6469-8 Yan Zhang, Laurence T. Yang, and JimIng Chen ISBN: 978-1-4200-7777-3 Delay Tolerant Networks: Protocols and Applications Security in RFID and Sensor Networks Athanasios V. Vasilakos, Yan Zhang, and Yan Zhang and Paris Kitsos Thrasyvoulos Spyropoulos ISBN: 978-1-4200-6839-9 ISBN: 978-1-4200-1108-5 Security in Wireless Mesh Networks Distributed Antenna Systems: Open Yan Zhang, Jun Zheng, and Honglin Hu Architecture for Future Wireless ISBN: 978-0-8493-8250-5 Communications Unlicensed Mobile Access Technology: Honglin Hu, Yan Zhang, and Jijun Luo Protocols, Architectures, Security, ISBN: 978-1-4200-4288-7 Standards, and Applications Game Theory for Wireless Yan Zhang, Laurence T. Yang, and Jianhua Ma Communications and Networking ISBN: 978-1-4200-5537-5 Yan Zhang WiMAX Network Planning and ISBN: 978-1-4398-0889-4 Optimization The Internet of Things: From RFID to the Yan Zhang Next-Generation Pervasive Networked ISBN: 978-1-4200-6662-3 Systems Wireless Ad Hoc Networking:Personal- Lu Yan, Yan Zhang, Laurence T. Yang, Area, Local-Area, and the Sensory-Area and Huansheng Ning  Networks ISBN: 978-1-4200-5281-7 Shih-Lin Wu, Yu-Chee Tseng, and Hsin-Chu Millimeter Wave Technology in Wireless ISBN: 978-0-8493-9254-2 PAN, LAN and MAN Wireless Mesh Networking: Architectures, Shao-Qiu Xiao, Ming-Tuo Zhou, Protocols, and Standards and Yan Zhang Yan Zhang, Jijun Luo, and Honglin Hu ISBN: 978-0-8493-8227-7 ISBN: 978-0-8493-7399-2 Mobile WiMAX: Toward Broadband Wireless Quality-of-Service: Techniques, Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks Standards, and Applications Yan Zhang and Hsiao-Hwa Chen Maode Ma, Mieso K. Denko, and Yan Zhang  ISBN: 978-0-8493-2624-0 ISBN: 978-1-4200-5130-8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Fundamentals and Applications Tao Jiang, Lingyang Song, and Yan Zhang ISBN: 978-1-4200-8824-3 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC (cid:105) (cid:105) (cid:105) (cid:105) (cid:105) (cid:105) “K16305” — 2013/10/9 — 10:49 (cid:105) (cid:105) Physical Layer Security in Wireless Communications Edited by Xiangyun Zhou • Lingyang Song • Yan Zhang © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC (cid:105) (cid:105) (cid:105) (cid:105) CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20131004 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-6701-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ✐ ✐ “K16305” — 2013/10/10 — 14:29 ✐ ✐ Contents Preface xi Authors xiii Contributors xv 1 Fundamentals of Physical Layer Security 1 1.1 Information-theoretic Secrecy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.1 Shannon’s Cipher System and Perfect Secrecy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2 Information-theoretic Secrecy Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Secret Communication over Noisy Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 Wiretap Channel Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.2 Coding Mechanisms for Secret Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 Secret-key Generation from Noisy Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.1 Channel Model for Secret-key Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.2 Coding Mechanisms for Secret-key Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2 Coding for Wiretap Channels 17 2.1 Coding for the Wiretap Channel II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.1.1 Basics of Error-CorrectingCodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.1.2 Wiretap II Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.2 Wiretap Coding with Polar Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.1 Polar Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.2 Polar Wiretap Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3 Coding for Gaussian Wiretap Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.1 Error Probability and Secrecy Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.2 Unimodular Lattice Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3 LDPC Codes for the Gaussian Wiretap Channel 33 3.1 Channel Model and Basic Notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2 Coding for Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.2.1 Asymptotic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.2.2 Optimized Puncturing Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.2.3 Reducing SNR Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.2.4 Finite Block Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 v © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ “K16305” — 2013/10/10 — 14:29 ✐ ✐ vi Contents 3.3 System Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4 Key Generation from Wireless Channels 47 4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.2 Information-theoretic Models for Key Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2.1 Key Generation via Unlimited Public Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2.2 Key Generation with Rate Constraint in Public Discussion . . . . . 51 4.2.3 Key Generation with Side-information at Eve . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.3 Basic Approaches for Key Generation via Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . 52 4.4 A Joint Source-Channel Key Agreement Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.4.1 Key Agreement with a Public Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.4.2 Key Agreement without a Public Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.5 Relay-assistedKey Generation with a Public Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.5.1 Relay-assistedKey Generation with One Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.5.2 Relay-assistedKey Generation with Multiple Relays . . . . . . . . . 61 4.5.3 Relay-oblivious Key Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.6 Key Agreement with the Presence of an Active Attacker . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.6.1 Training Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.6.2 Key Generation Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.8 Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5 Secrecy with Feedback 69 5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.2 The Gaussian Two-way Wiretap Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.3 Achieving Secrecy Using Public Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.4 Achieving Secrecy Using Cooperative Jamming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.4.1 Full-duplex Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.4.2 Half-duplex Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.5 Achieving Secrecy through Discussion and Jamming . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.5.1 Jamming with Codewords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.5.2 Secrecy through Key Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.5.3 Block Markov Coding Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.6 When the Eavesdropper Channel States Are Not Known . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.7 Converse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.7.1 Outer Bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.7.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.9 Proof of Theorem 5.7.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.10 Proof of Theorem 5.7.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 6 MIMO Signal Processing Algorithms for Enhanced Physical Layer Security 93 6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 6.2 Physical Layer Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 6.2.1 Signal Processing Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 6.2.2 Secrecy Performance Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ “K16305” — 2013/10/10 — 14:29 ✐ ✐ Contents vii 6.2.3 The Role of CSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6.3 MIMO Wiretap Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6.3.1 Complete CSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6.3.2 Partial CSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 6.4 MIMO Wiretap Channel with an External Helper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.5 MIMO BroadcastChannel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.6 MIMO Interference Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 6.7 MIMO Relay Wiretap Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.7.1 Relay-aided Cooperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.7.2 Untrusted Relaying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 6.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 7 Discriminatory Channel Estimation for Secure Wireless Communication 115 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 7.2 Discriminatory Channel Estimation—Basic Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7.3 DCE via Feedback and Retraining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.3.1 Two-Stage Feedback-and-Retraining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.3.2 Multiple-stage Feedback and Retraining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 7.3.3 Simulation Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 7.4 Discriminatory Channel Estimation via Two-way Training . . . . . . . . . . 126 7.4.1 Two-way DCE Design for Reciprocal Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 7.4.2 Two-way DCE Design for Nonreciprocal Channels . . . . . . . . . . 129 7.4.3 Simulation Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7.5 Conclusions and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 8 Physical Layer Security in OFDMA Networks 137 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 8.2 Related Works on Secure OFDM/OFDM Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8.2.1 Secure OFDM Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8.2.2 Secure OFDMA Cellular Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 8.2.3 Secure OFDMA Relay Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 8.2.4 Secure OFDM with Implementation Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 8.3 Basics of Resource Allocation for Secret Communications . . . . . . . . . . 141 8.3.1 Power Allocation Law for Secrecy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 8.3.2 Multiple Eavesdroppers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 8.4 Resource Allocation for Physical Layer Security in OFDMA Networks . . . 142 8.4.1 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 8.4.2 Optimal Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 8.4.3 Suboptimal Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 8.4.4 Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.4.5 Numerical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.4.6 Discussion on False CSI Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 8.5 Conclusions and Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ “K16305” — 2013/10/10 — 14:29 ✐ ✐ viii Contents 9 The Application of Cooperative Transmissions to Secrecy Communications 153 9.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 9.2 When All Nodes Are Equipped with a Single Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 9.2.1 Cooperative Jamming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 9.2.2 Relay Chatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 9.3 MIMO Relay Secrecy Communication Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 9.3.1 When CSI of EavesdroppersIs Known . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 9.3.2 When CSI of EavesdroppersIs Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 9.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 10 Game Theory for Physical Layer Security on Interference Channels 179 10.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 10.2 System Models and Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 10.2.1 Standard MISO Interference Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 10.2.2 MISO Interference Channel with Private Messages . . . . . . . . . . 183 10.2.3 MISO Interference Channel with Public Feedback and Private Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 10.2.4 Discussion and Comparison of Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 10.3 Noncooperative Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 10.3.1 Noncooperative Games in Strategic Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 10.3.2 Solution for the MISO Interference Channel Scenarios . . . . . . . . 191 10.4 Cooperative Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 10.4.1 Bargaining Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 10.4.2 Nash Bargaining Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 10.4.3 Bargaining Algorithm in the Edgeworth Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 10.4.4 Walras Equilibrium Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 10.5 Illustrations and Discussions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 10.5.1 Comparisonof Utility Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 10.5.2 Noncooperative and Cooperative Operating Points . . . . . . . . . . 200 10.5.3 Bargaining Algorithm Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 10.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 10.7 Appendix: Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 10.7.1 Proof of Theorem 10.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 10.7.2 Proof of Theorem 10.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 10.7.3 Proof of Theorem 10.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 10.7.4 Proof of Theorem 10.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 11 Ascending Clock Auction for Physical Layer Security 209 11.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 11.1.1 Cooperative Jamming for Physical Layer Security . . . . . . . . . . 210 11.1.2 Game Theory-based Jamming Power Allocation. . . . . . . . . . . . 211 11.1.3 Ascending Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 11.1.4 Chapter Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 11.2 System Model and Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 11.2.1 System Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 11.2.2 Source’s Utility Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ “K16305” — 2013/10/10 — 14:29 ✐ ✐ Contents ix 11.2.3 Jammer’s Utility Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 11.3 Auction-based Jamming Power Allocation Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 11.3.1 Power Allocation Scheme based on Single Object Pay-as-Bid Ascending Clock Auction (P-ACA-S). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 11.3.2 Power Allocation Scheme based on Traditional Ascending Clock Auction (P-ACA-T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 11.3.3 Power Allocation Scheme based on Alternative Ascending Clock Auction (P-ACA-A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 11.4 Properties of the Proposed Auction-based Power Allocation Schemes . . . . 219 11.4.1 Optimal Jamming Power for Each Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 11.4.2 Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 11.4.3 Cheat-proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 11.4.4 Social Welfare Maximization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 11.4.5 Complexity and Overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 11.5 Conclusions and Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 12 Relay and Jammer Cooperation as a Coalitional Game 237 12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 12.1.1 Cooperative Relaying and Cooperative Jamming . . . . . . . . . . . 237 12.1.2 Relay and Jammer Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 12.1.3 Coalitional Game Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 12.1.4 Chapter Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 12.2 System Model and Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 12.3 Relay and Jammer Cooperation as a Coalitional Game . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 12.3.1 Coalitional Game Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 12.3.2 Properties of the Proposed Coalitional Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 12.4 Coalition Formation Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 12.4.1 Coalition Formation Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 12.4.2 Merge-and-Split Coalition Formation Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 246 12.5 Conclusions and Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 13 Stochastic Geometry Approaches to Secrecy in Large Wireless Networks 253 13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 13.1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 13.1.2 Stochastic Geometry Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 13.2 Secrecy Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 13.2.1 Network and Graph Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 13.2.2 Local Connectivity Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 13.2.3 Global Connectivity Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 13.2.4 Connectivity Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 13.3 Secrecy Transmission Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 13.3.1 Network Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 13.3.2 Capacity Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 13.3.3 Illustrative Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 13.4 Current Limitations and Future Directions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐

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Physical layer security in wireless communications PDF

308 Pages·2014·9.001 MB·English
by  Zhang, Yan, Song, Lingyang, Zhou, Xiangyun Sean
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Author:Zhang, Yan; Song, Lingyang; Zhou, Xiangyun Sean
Publication Year:2014
ISBN:1466567015
Pages:308
Language:English
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