Table Of ContentPhysical and Physiological Forest Ecology
Pertti Hari • Kari Helio¨vaara (cid:129) Liisa Kulmala
Editors
Physical and Physiological
Forest Ecology
123
http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield
Editors
PerttiHari KariHelio¨vaara
DepartmentofForestSciences DepartmentofForestSciences
UniversityofHelsinki UniversityofHelsinki
Helsinki Helsinki
Finland Finland
LiisaKulmala
DepartmentofForestSciences
UniversityofHelsinki
Helsinki
Finland
ISBN978-94-007-5602-1 ISBN978-94-007-5603-8(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-5603-8
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012951122
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Preface
Photosynthesis is the source of energy for nearly all life on Earth and the source
of the carbon in all the organic compounds within the bodies of organisms.
Photosynthesisisthebiochemicalreactionthroughwhichallgreenplants,including
trees,liveandgrow.We startedfield measurementsofphotosynthesisin Hyytia¨la¨,
the Forestry Field Station at the Universityof Helsinki, in the year 1972,and this
wasthebeginningofastillcontinuingworkintheforestsaroundthestation.Wehad
thevisionthatphysicalandphysiologicalknowledgeinadditiontothequantitative
methods, especially field measurements and dynamic modelling, should have an
importantrole in forest ecology.We introducedinto our vision the importantrole
ofmassandenergyfluxeswhenwestudiedtheChernobylfalloutinthesummerof
1986.TheconstructionoftheSMEARIImeasuringstationclarifiedourvision,and
weincludedthefluxesinthesoilandbetweenthesoilandtreesintoourapproach.
Some members in our team have had good knowledge in tree physiology, and
they introducedthe physiologicalaspect into the research.We have been lucky to
workwith physicistswho are deeplyinterestedin the role of physicalphenomena
inforests.Dr.TaistoRaunemaa(1939–2006)startedcommonprojectswithus,and
thephysicistsbecomeanaturalcomponentinourresearchteam.Theco-operation
betweentheAcademyofFinlandandSovietAcademyofSciencesenabledcommon
research in Finland, Soviet Karelia and Estonia. Physicists, Academician Juhan
Ross(1925–2002),Dr.LeoKaipiainen(1932–2004)andDr.TiitNilsonhavebeen
thekeypersonsintheteam.
The co-operation with physicists was intensified when Dr. Markku Kulmala
began to lead the team of young aerosol physics at the Department of Physics,
Helsinki University. He was the other principalplanner of the measuring systems
SMEAR I and II. In addition, he is interested in the role of boreal forest in the
formation and growth of aerosols. Dr. Timo Vesala introduced the important role
ofmeasurementsofecosystemfluxeswiththeEddyCovariancemethod.Heisalso
interestedintheroleofnitrogeninforestecosystems.
Thefeedbackfromourmeasurementshasbeenclearandpositive.Thedeveloped
modelstructureshavebeenabletoexplainwellthebehaviouroftreesandground
vegetation in field conditions. We have published our results in international
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vi Preface
literature, although some of the most relevant papers have remained unpublished
in scientific journals. During the last 20 years, we have actively participated into
Europeanresearchco-operation.
The Academyof FinlandandHelsinkiUniversityhave beenthe main financial
supportersduringthewholelongperiod.
Ourfirstreader,Dr.JohnGracefromEdinburgh,hasmadevaluablecommentson
ourmanuscriptandweexpressourgratitudetohim.WeacknowledgeDr.Kourosh
KabiriKoupaei,forhiscontributiontotheeditingofthebook.
Ourbookisthesummaryofourworkduring40yearsatthepresentDepartment
of Forest Sciences, previously Department of Forest Ecology and Department of
Silvicultureat HelsinkiUniversity.Our visionstressing the importanceof physics
andphysiologicalknowledge,quantitativemethods,materialandenergyfluxesand
fieldworkingintheforestshashadthecentralroleintheplanningoftheresearch.
Helsinki Pertti(Pepe)Hari,D.Sc.(Agr.&For.),Prof.
6thDecember2012 KariHelio¨vaara,D.Sc.(Agr.&For.),Prof.
LiisaKulmala,D.Sc.(Agr.&For.)
Contents
1 IntroductiontoPhysical,PhysiologicalandCausalForestEcology .. 1
PerttiHari,LiisaKulmala,andMikkoHavimo
2 TheApproachtoConstructandTesttheTheoryofForestEcology.. 7
PerttiHari
3 EnvironmentalFactors..................................................... 27
U¨llarRannik, SamuliLauniainen, JukkaPumpanen,
LiisaKulmala, PasiKolari, TimoVesala,
JanneF.J.Korhonen,andPerttiHari
4 ProcessesinLivingStructures ............................................ 43
JaanaBa¨ck,EeroNikinmaa,LiisaKulmala,AskoSimojoki,
TuomoKalliokoski, PerttiHari, RistoHa¨kkinen,
TapioLinkosalo, HeikkiHa¨nninen, EijaJuurola,
PasiKolari,KouroshKabiriKoupaei,AlbertPorcar-Castell,
Ben˜atOlascoagaGracia,JussiHeinonsalo,SariTimonen,
KariHelio¨vaara, MaaritRaivonen, JohannaJoensuu,
MariPihlatie, JukkaPumpanen, JukkaKurola,
MirjaSalkinoja-Salonen,andMikaKa¨hko¨nen
5 FluxesofCarbon,WaterandNutrients.................................. 225
TeemuHo¨ltta¨,PerttiHari,KariHelio¨vaara,EeroNikinmaa,
JukkaPumpanen, TimoVesala, PasiKolari,
SamuliLauniainen, U¨llarRannik, LiisaKulmala,
KouroshKabiriKoupaei,MinnaPulkkinen,MariPihlatie,
JanneF.J.Korhonen,AskoSimojoki,Antti-JussiKieloaho,
JaanaBa¨ck,andMarkkuKulmala
6 StructuralRegularitiesinTrees........................................... 329
PerttiHari, MikkoHavimo, JuhoAalto,
PauliinaSchiestl-Aalto, EeroNikinmaa, AnnaLintunen,
TuomoKalliokoski,Helja¨-SiskoHelmisaari,andIngeStupak
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viii Contents
7 Dynamicsof CarbonandNitrogenFluxesandPools
inForestEcosystem ........................................................ 349
PerttiHari, MikkoHavimo, KouroshKabiriKoupaei,
KalevJo¨giste, AhtoKangur, MirjaSalkinoja-Salonen,
TuomasAakala, JuhoAalto, PauliinaSchiestl-Aalto,
JariLiski,andEeroNikinmaa
8 HowtoUtilisetheKnowledgeofCausalResponses?................... 397
PerttiHari, MikkoHavimo, Helja¨-SiskoHelmisaari,
LiisaKulmala,EeroNikinmaa,TimoVesala,JouniRa¨isa¨nen,
TuukkaPeta¨ja¨, ErkkiSiivola, HeikkiTuomenvirta,
JaanaBa¨ck,JohnGrace,FedericoMagnani,TwanvanNoije,
JukkaPumpanen, DavidStevenson, MarkkuKulmala,
SampoSmolander,IlonaRiipinen,andMiikkadalMaso
9 StationforMeasuringEcosystem-AtmosphereRelations:SMEAR.. 471
PerttiHari, EeroNikinmaa, ToivoPohja, ErkkiSiivola,
JaanaBa¨ck,TimoVesala,andMarkkuKulmala
10 ThePhysicalandPhysiologicalTheoryofForestEcology
andItsEvaluation.......................................................... 489
PerttiHari
Appendices........................................................................ 505
Glossary........................................................................... 521
Index............................................................................... 531
Contributors
TuomasAakala DepartmentofForestSciences,UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,
Finland
Juho Aalto Hyytia¨la¨ Forestry Field Station, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
Jaana Ba¨ck Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
John Grace Institute for Atmospheric and EnvironmentalScience, University of
Edinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
Ben˜atOlascoagaGracia DepartmentofForestSciences,UniversityofHelsinki,
Helsinki,Finland
RistoHa¨kkinen FinnishForestResearchInstitute,Vantaa,Finland
Heikki Ha¨nninen Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
Pertti Hari Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
Mikko Havimo Departmentof ForestSciences,UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,
Finland
Jussi Heinonsalo Department of Forest Sciences, Department of Physics and
DepartmentofFoodandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,
Finland
KariHelio¨vaara DepartmentofForestSciences,UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,
Finland
Helja¨-Sisko Helmisaari Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki,
Helsinki,Finland
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