Table Of ContentPhylogenetics of Bees
Editors
Rustem Abuzarovich Ilyasov
Doctor in Division of Life Sciences
Major of Biological Sciences, and Convergence
Research Center for Insect Vectors
Incheon National University
Songdo-dong, Incheon
South Korea
and
Ufa Scientific Center
Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics
Russian Academy of Sciences
Ufa
Russia
Hyung Wook Kwon
Professor in Division of Life Sciences
Major of Biological Sciences, and Convergence
Research Center for Insect Vectors
Incheon National University
Songdo-dong, Incheon
South Korea
p,
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
Cover credit: Cover illustration reproduced by kind courtesy of the first editor, Rustem Abuzarovich Ilyasov.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ilyasov, Rustem Abuzarovich, 1980- editor. | Kwon, Hyung Wook, 1968-
editor.
Title: Phylogenetics of bees / editors: Rustem Abuzarovich Ilyasov, Hyung
Wook Kwon.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2020] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019037641 | ISBN 9781138504233 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Bees--Phylogeny. | Bees--Variation.
Classification: LCC QL563 .P495 2020 | DDC 595.79/9--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019037641
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Preface
The first idea of writing this book came about after reading the books of Ruttner
“Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honeybees” (1988), Michener “The Bees of the
World” (2000), Kipyatkov “Life Cycles in Social Insects Behaviour, Ecology And
Evolution” (2006), and Hepburn “Honeybees of Asia” (2011). Meanwhile, I met with
Professor Hyung Wook Kwon who invited me to a postdoctoral position at Incheon
National University, South Korea. In Korea, we are working very hard and met many
times with local beekeepers and scientists at conferences of The Korean Beekeeping
Society. Compared with western honeybees, eastern honeybees have received very
thin coverage on honey bee taxonomy, phylogenetics, physiology, biochemistry,
genetics, and pathology. Especially, the eastern honey, bee Apis cerana, has no
clearly defined subspecies like the western honey, bee Apis mellifera. In order to
address this disparity, we decided to write this book, which combines the efforts
of western and eastern teams of scientists. The book contains works not only about
phylogenetics but also about current aspects of adaptivity and expansion to the New
World. We fervently hope that this collation will provide a stimuli to broaden the
base of the development of taxonomy and phylogenetics of the Asian and European
honeybees. We also hope that it will stimulate further research, both empirical and
theoretical, in this important and promising field. We wish to thank all contributing
authors as well as the referees for their collaboration and help. Also, I appreciate
my scientific advisors Professor Alexey Nikolenko of the Institute of Biochemistry
and Genetics of Ufa Federal Research Center of Russian Academy of Sciences and
Professor Hyung Wook Kwon of the Incheon National University for their help in
editing and for the constructive discussions on basic ideas in this book.
Rustem Abuzarovich Ilyasov
Incheon National University
Songdo-dong, Incheon, Yeonsu-gu
September 24, 2019
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the CRC Press publisher, Russian Government Assignments
(RGA) (the Grant No. No. AAAA-A16-116020350026-0), Russian Found of
Basic Research (RFBR) (the Grant No. 17-44-020648 Povolzhye), the National
Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), the Korea government (MSIP) (the Grant
No. 2016R1A2B3011742), the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture
Science and Technology Development (RDA) (the Grant No. PJ012526), and the
Postdoctoral Fellowships in the Incheon National University (2017–2019) for kindly
supporting both editors– Sc.D. R.A. Ilyasov and Prof. H.W. Kwon.
Contents
Preface iii
Acknowledgments v
Introduction ix
1. The Origin and Evolution of the Colony in Apidae 1
Eskov, E.K.
2. Phylogenies of Asian Honey Bees 28
Raffiudin, R. and Shullia, N.I.
3. The Origin of the European Bees and their Intraspecific Biodiversity 58
Brandorf, A.Z. and Rodrigues, M.
4. The Classic Taxonomy of Asian and European Honey Bees 72
Dar, S.A., Dukku, U.H., Ilyasov, R.A., Kandemir, I., Kwon H.W., Lee, M.L.
and Özkan Koca, A.
5. Genetic Diversity of Honey Bee Apis mellifera in Siberia 97
Ostroverkhova, N.V., Kucher, A.N., Konusova, O.L., Kireeva, T.N.,
Rosseykina, S.A., Yartsev, V.V. and Pogorelov, Y.L.
6. Current Drivers of Taxonomic Biodiversity Loss in Asian and 127
European Bees
Hatjina, F., Gajda, A. and Dar, S.A.
7. The Loss of Taxonomic Biodiversity of Honey Bees Apis mellifera 144
and Main Breeds in Russia
Berezin, A.S., Borodachev, A.V., Borodachev, V.A., Mitrofanov, D.V.
and Savushkina, L.N.
8. Breeding Better and Healthy Honey Bees is the Only Way to 178
Save A Native Biodiversity
Gregorc, A.
9. Honey Bees in Latin America 206
Requier, F.
10. The History of Honey Bees in North America 222
Seeley, T.D.
Conclusion 233
References 237
Index 281
Color Plate Section 283
Introduction
Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and
ants. Over 150,000 living and over 2,000 extinct species of Hymenoptera have been
described (Mayhew 2007, Janke et al. 2013, Aguiar et al. 2013).
Honey bees are flying eusocial insects closely related to wasps and ants, and are
known for their role in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species,
the western honey bee, for producing honey and beeswax. Bees are a monophyletic
lineage within the superfamily Apoidea and are presently considered a clade, called
Anthophila. There are over 16,000 known species of bees in seven recognized
biological families (Michener 2000, Danforth et al. 2006). They are found on every
continent except Antarctica, in every habitat on the planet that contains insect-
pollinated flowering plants.
Some species, including honey bees, bumble bees, and stingless bees live
socially in colonies. Bees are adapted for nectar and pollen nutrition, the former
primarily as an energy source, and the latter for protein and other nutrients. Most
pollen is used as food for larvae. Bee pollination is important both ecologically and
commercially. The decline in wild bees has increased the value of pollination by
commercially managed hives of honey bees.
The size of the bees ranges from tiny stingless bee species whose worker bees are
less than two millimeters long to Megachile pluto, the largest species of the leafcutter
bee, whose females can attain a length of forty millimeters. The most common bees
in the Northern Hemisphere are the Halictidae or sweat bees, but they are small and
often mistaken for wasps or hoverfly species. Vertebrate predators of bees include
birds, such as bee-eaters; insect predators include beewolves and dragonflies.
Human beekeeping or apiculture has been practiced for a thousand years,
since at least the times of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece. Apart from honey
and pollination, honey bees produce beeswax, royal jelly, and propolis. Bees
have appeared in mythology and folklore, through all phases of art and literature,
from ancient times to the present day, though primarily focused in the Northern
Hemisphere, where beekeeping is far more common.
Some big questions in the study of honey bees are their evolution and
phylogenetics. The resolution hinges on understanding the phylogenetic relationships
of the four bee subgroups: orchid bees, bumble bees, stingless bees, and honey bees.
These problems are studied by three methods, based on morphological data, nuclear
DNA (nDNA) characters, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) features. The fact that
no consensus is reached reflects the complexity of the challenges, and shows the
need for additional research.
