Photosynthetic Microorganisms: Mechanism For Carbon Concentration

131 Pages·2014·5.34 MB·English

by  Shailendra Kumar Singh

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN MATERIALS
Shailendra Kumar Singh
Kaushal Kishor
Shanthy Sundaram
Photosynthetic
Microorganisms
Mechanism
For Carbon
Concentration
SpringerBriefs in Materials
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10111
Shailendra Kumar Singh
Kaushal Kishor · Shanthy Sundaram
Photosynthetic
Microorganisms
Mechanism For Carbon Concentration
1 3
Shailendra Kumar Singh Kaushal Kishor
Shanthy Sundaram Department of Chemical Engineering
Centre of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute
Nehru Science Centre of Technology
University of Allahabad Allahabad
Allahabad Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh India
India
ISSN 2192-1091 ISSN 2192-1105 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-09122-8 ISBN 978-3-319-09123-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-09123-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947126
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
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Preface
The brief is very topical as its theme “carbon concentrating mechanism of
photosynthetic microorganism” impacts on the lives of all of us. World’s rapid
industrialization has led to severe interlinked global environmental challenges,
such as energy crisis, pollution, and global warming. It is widely recognized that
fossil fuel combustion and other emissions resulting from anthrop activity, pro-
duces greenhouse gases in which carbon dioxide (CO) is the biggest contributor
2
by volume (76 % of CO emissions from Fuel Combustion (2012), International
2
Energy Agency). It has been implicated in the global climate change, and reduc-
ing them is a potential solution. In this regard, we must consider photosynthetic
microorganism-based carbon mitigation system with the most efcfi ient photosyn-
thetic pathways to reduce the excess atmospheric CO concentrations. The use
2
of such technology will result in balanced O and CO concentrations to mitigate
2 2
global warming, avoid dangerous climate change, and reduce toxic levels of atmos-
pheric CO through transformation into other forms of carbon. Photosynthetic
2
microorganism such as cyanobacteria and microalgae acquired a special mecha-
nism called “carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM),” which induced in limiting
CO environment and increases the CO concentrations actively in the proximity
2 2
of RuBisCO. Due to the action of CCM, photosynthetic microorganisms have high
photosynthetic efcfi iency than terrestrial C and C plants. CCM is by far the most
3 4
spectacular physiological process in algal growth and productivity. Due to this fact,
the study of CCM has captivated algologist, algae physiologists, algal molecular
and cellular biologists, botanists, agriculturalists, crop growers, and most recently
algal biofuel researchers around the world. From an esthetic perspective, I thought
that it would be wonderful to include many of the remarkable nfi dings on CCM of
both important photosynthetic microorganisms in a single inclusive volume.
Book begins with an introduction to the topic, and follows with the reviews
on modern carbon sequestration options and proposed measures to stabilize
atmospheric CO. It then provides state-of-the-art information on CCM of pho-
2
tosynthetic microorganism, as well as also emphasizing its integration with dif-
ferent industry. It helps readers to understand better the interconnection between
photosynthesis and CCM and its potential impact on global climate change. This
v
vi Preface
multi-authoritative work by experts also gives insights of metabolic pathways of
photosynthetic microorganism, needed to engineer the metabolic pathways of pho-
tosynthetic microorganism for enhanced CO fixation. Brief addresses the needs
2
of energy researchers, chemical engineers, fuel and environmental engineers, post-
graduate and advanced undergraduate students, and others interested in sustainable
energy and environment development. It is also very helpful for Entrepreneurs and
Companies planning to start a venture in algae-related industries or businesses
with synergistic operations exploring fuel from algae ventures. Brief is highly
useful and helps to plan new research and design new economically sustainable
viable processes for the production of clean fuels and value added products from
algae. Thus, the overall goal of brief is to provide in-depth scientific details on the
basic and applied aspects of CCM of both important photosynthetic microorgan-
isms (microalgae and cyanobacteria). Many figures and tables are included in the
brief to facilitate understanding and comprehension of the information presented
throughout the text. Hundreds of references have been used to prepare this unique
collection. The authors welcome reader’s comments and suggestions, especially
any drawing our attention to errors in the text. The readers can sent their com-
ments and suggestions directly to me by e-mail at [email protected].
Allahabad, India Shailendra Kumar Singh
Acknowledgments
Authors are thankful to the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science
and Technology, India for their continued financial support and encouragement
through the DBT-RA scheme for our research in carbon concentrating mechanism
of cyanobacteria and microalgae. Special thanks go to Dr. Sukrat Sinha, Fulbright
Postdoctoral Fellow, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia (Greater Atlanta
Area) for his careful reading and insightful grammatical corrections in the brief.
Thanks are also due to the Mr. Md Akhlaqur Rahman, Ms. Kritika Dixit and Ms.
Geetika Vajpayee, research scholars at Centre of Biotechnology, University of
Allahabad who took the time to read and criticize the brief in order to draw a con-
textual in-depth overview of carbon concentrating mechanism for readers. Finally,
we are also grateful to the University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh,
India for providing the resources and facility of written materials.
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Contents
1 Introduction ................................................ 1
References .................................................. 3
2 Carbon-Concentrating Mechanism ............................. 5
2.1 Introduction ............................................ 5
2.2 Photosynthesis: Basis of Life on Planet ....................... 5
2.2.1 Basic Mechanism of Photosynthesis ................... 6
2.3 Carbon-Concentrating Mechanism (CCM): A Potential
Tool to Sequester Carbon .................................. 9
2.3.1 Why Photosynthetic Microorganisms Need CCM? ........ 9
2.3.2 Functional Elements of Photosynthetic
Microorganism CCMs .............................. 11
2.4 Fate of Carbon in Photosynthetic Microorganisms .............. 26
2.4.1 C or Calvin–Benson–Bassham Cycle .................. 27
3
2.4.2 C Cycle or Hatch–Slack Pathway ..................... 29
4
References .................................................. 32
3 Carbon-Concentrating Mechanism of Cyanobacteria ............. 39
3.1 Introduction ............................................ 39
3.2 Structure and Types of Cyanobacteria ........................ 40
3.2.1 Morphological Features ............................. 40
3.2.2 Types ........................................... 41
3.3 Inorganic Carbon (C) Acquisition Systems .................... 42
i
3.3.1 Bicarbonate Uptake System .......................... 43
3.3.2 Carbon Dioxide Uptake System ....................... 46
3.4 Cyanobacterial Carbonic Anhydrases ........................ 47
3.4.1 α-CAs ........................................... 47
3.4.2 β-CAs ........................................... 49
3.4.3 γ-CAs ........................................... 49
ix
x Contents
3.5 Carboxysome ........................................... 50
3.5.1 Elements of Carboxysome Structure ................... 51
3.5.2 Carboxysomal Shell Proteins ......................... 51
3.5.3 Carboxysomal Enzymes ............................. 53
3.6 Functional Carbon-Concentrating Mechanism
Model of Cyanobacteria ................................... 54
References .................................................. 57
4 Carbon-Concentrating Mechanism of Microalgae ................ 63
4.1 Introduction ............................................ 63
4.2 Morphological Features of Microalgae ....................... 63
4.3 Eukaryotic Microalgae C Uptake Systems .................... 65
i
4.3.1 Plasma Membrane C Transporters ..................... 65
i
4.3.2 Chloroplast C Transporter ........................... 67
i
4.4 Algal Carbonic Anhydrases ................................ 70
4.4.1 α-CAs ........................................... 70
4.4.2 β-CAs ........................................... 72
4.4.3 γ-CAs ........................................... 73
4.5 Pyrenoid ............................................... 74
4.5.1 Structural Organization ............................. 74
4.5.2 Physiological Role of Pyrenoid in CCM ................ 75
4.6 Functional Carbon-Concentrating Mechanism
Model of Microalgae ..................................... 75
References .................................................. 76
5 Photosynthetic Microorganism-Based CO Mitigation System:
2
Integrated Approaches for Global Sustainability .................. 83
5.1 Introduction ............................................ 83
5.2 Necessity of Sustainable System for Carbon Mitigation .......... 83
5.3 Perspectives of Photosynthetic Microorganism-Based CO
2
Mitigation .............................................. 85
5.4 Sustainable Integration of Photosynthetic Microorganism-Based
CO Mitigation System with Industries ....................... 87
2
5.4.1 Biofuel Industry ................................... 87
5.4.2 Environmental Industry ............................. 104
5.4.3 Agriculture Industry ................................ 109
5.4.4 Food and Pharma Industry ........................... 110
5.4.5 High-Value Compounds ............................. 112
5.5 Challenges ............................................. 112
References .................................................. 113