Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing

306 Pages·2010·13.93 MB·English

by  John F., Keith A, Dawn Belcher, Christopher Andrew Langley

Pharmaceutical Compounding
and Dispensing
Pharmaceutical
Compounding
and Dispensing
SECOND EDITION
John F Marriott BSc, PhD, MRPharmS, FHEA
Professor of Clinical Pharmacy
Aston University School of Pharmacy, UK
Keith A Wilson BSc, PhD, FRPharmS
Head of School
Aston University School of Pharmacy, UK
Christopher A Langley BSc, PhD, MRPharmS, MRSC, FHEA
Senior Lecturer in Pharmacy Practice
Aston University School of Pharmacy, UK
Dawn Belcher BPharm, MRPharmS, FHEA
Teaching Fellow, Pharmacy Practice
Aston University School of Pharmacy, UK
Published by the Pharmaceutical Press
1 Lambeth High Street, London SE1 7JN, UK
1559 St Paul Avenue, Gurnee, IL 60031, USA
Ó Pharmaceutical Press 2010
is a trade mark of Pharmaceutical Press
Pharmaceutical Press is the publishing division of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of
Great Britain
First edition published 2006
Second edition published 2010
Typeset by Thomson Digital, Noida, India
Printed in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall
ISBN 978 0 85369 912 5
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the copyright holder.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the
accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal
responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
The right of John F Marriott, Keith A Wilson, Christopher A Langley and Dawn Belcher
to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Contents
Preface ix
About the authors x
Acknowledgements xi
Museum of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society xii
British Society for the History of Pharmacy xiv
Online material xv
Part 1 History of compounding 1
1 Historical perspective 3
The origins of the pharmacy profession 3
Foundation of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 5
Pharmacy legislation 6
Development of the pharmacopoeias 8
2 Obsolete dosage forms, equipment and methods of preparation 17
Obsolete pharmaceutical preparations and preparative methods 18
Old pharmaceutical equipment 34
Old pharmaceutical containers 38
3 Historical weights and measures 41
Metrication 41
Part 2 Pharmaceutical forms and their preparation 47
4 Key formulation skills 49
Weights and measures 49
Medication strength 59
5 Extemporaneous dispensing 65
Guide to general good practice requirements 65
Suitable record keeping 67
Equipment 67
Product formulae 74
Ingredients 75
Storage and labelling requirements 91
Pharmaceutical packaging 96
vi | Contents
6 Solutions 101
Introduction and overview 101
General principles of solution preparation 103
Oral solutions 104
Gargles and mouthwashes 105
Enemas and douches 105
External solutions 105
Worked examples 106
Summary of essential principles relating to solutions 112
7 Suspensions 115
Introduction and overview 115
General principles of suspension preparation 116
Oral diffusible suspensions 117
Oral indiffusible suspensions 119
Suspensions for external use 119
Worked examples 120
Summary of essential principles relating to suspensions 127
8 Emulsions 131
Introduction and overview 131
Formulation of emulsions 133
General method of preparation of an emulsion using the dry gum method 135
Stability of emulsions 136
Emulsions for external use 137
Worked examples 138
Summary of essential principles relating to emulsions 151
9 Creams 153
Introduction and overview 153
Terminology used in the preparation of creams, ointments, pastes and gels 153
General principles of cream preparation 154
Worked examples 156
Summary of essential principles relating to creams 160
10 Ointments, pastes and gels 163
Introduction and overview 163
Ointments 163
Pastes 165
Gels 167
Worked examples 170
Summary of essential principles relating to ointments, pastes and gels 181
11 Suppositories and pessaries 183
Introduction and overview 183
General principles of suppository and pessary preparation 184
General method for suppository preparation 186
Worked examples 187
Summary of essential principles relating to suppositories and pessaries 192
Contents | vii
12 Powders and capsules 195
Introduction and overview 195
Bulk powders for external use 195
Bulk oral powders 196
Individual unit dose powders 197
Unit dose capsules 199
Worked examples 202
Summary of essential principles relating to powders and capsules 205
13 Specialised formulation issues 207
Introduction and overview 207
Posology 207
Dermatological extemporaneous formulation 213
Further reading 215
Part 3 Product formulae 217
Preface 219
14 Creams 225
15 Dusting powders 229
16 Internal mixtures 231
17 Liniments, lotions and applications 249
18 Ointments and pastes 253
19 Powders 257
20 Miscellaneous formulae 259
Appendix 1 Glossary of terms used in formulations 261
Appendix 2 Abbreviations commonly used in pharmacy 263
Appendix 3 Changing substance names from British Approved Names
to recommended International Non-Proprietary Names 265
Bibliography 271
Index 273
Preface
Pharmacists or their pharmaceutical equivalents have as a reference-based tutorial to the methods employed
been responsible for compounding medicines for cen- inmedicines’ compounding. The text has been designed
turies. Recently this role has been challenged in the to allow students and practitioners to be able to exam-
pharmaceutical literature with suggestions and recom- ine either all or part of the subsequent chapters in order
mendations that it is inappropriate for the pharmaceu- to familiarise themselves with the compounding tech-
tical practitioner to compound medicines in a local niques necessary to produce products of appropriate
pharmacy environment. Notwithstanding this valid quality and efficacy. In addition, the text is supported
debate, it is clear that a vast array of skills and knowl- by moving images in order to augment the necessary
edge with regard to medicines’ compounding has been techniques and expertise.
accrued and refined, certainly over the last two centu- The text also has a role when considering the
ries. In the present environment it is possible that this design and implementation of standard operating pro-
knowledge and skill base might be dispersed and ulti- cedures (SOPs) pertinent to certain sectors of profes-
mately lost. However, it is not beyond the bounds of sional practice today. Although we do not expect all
imagination to conceive that there will be times, albeit practitioners of pharmacy to be compounding medi-
possibly in the face of some form of environmental, cines on a daily basis, we hope that should the need
cultural or local emergency, when pharmacists might arise this text will effectively support any work of this
be called upon to extemporaneously compound med- nature that might be encountered.
icines when conventional supply chains are either This second edition has updated the first edition
unavailable or have broken down. and, to assist the student compounder, the text now
This text has been designed with a number of func- includes examples of the pharmaceutical label for each
tions inmind. First, it is important to be aware of some worked example.
of the historical pathways that have led to the present
technological position of pharmacists. In addition, John F Marriott
unless many of the antiquated measuring systems, Keith A Wilson
methodologies and formulations are preserved in Christopher A Langley
some reference work, they might be lost forever, or Dawn Belcher
at least be totally unavailable except to the dogged Birmingham, United Kingdom
historian. Primarily, however, this work is intended January 2010