Table Of ContentThe Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
Kazan National Research Technological University
E. Emelyanycheva, B. Vagapov
PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.
BASIC PROPERTIES AND LABORATORY
ANALYSIS
Tutorial
Kazan
KNRTU Press
2020
UDC 665.6(075)
LBC 35.51Чя7
Published by the decision of the Editorial Review Board
of the Kazan National Research Technological University
Reviewers:
Ph. D. R. Kashapov
Ph. D. I. Galimullin
Emelyanycheva Е.
Petroleum and petroleum products. Basic properties and laboratory
analysis : tutorial / Е. Emelyanycheva, B. Vagapov; The Ministry of
Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Kazan
National Research Technological University. – Kazan : KNRTU
Press, 2020. – 100 p.
ISBN 978-5-7882-2808-2
The standard methods of technical analysis of petroleum and petrole-
um products are considered. Brief information on the need to determine
the main operational indicators of petroleum, distillate fuels, oils and heavy
residues is provided. Classical and modern methods of analysis are given.
The tutorial is intended for students studying Bachelor programs in the
fields of 18.03.01 “Chemical Engineering” and 21.03.01 “Petroleum Engi-
neering”; for students studying Master programs in the fields of 18.04.01
“Chemical Engineering”. It can be also useful for students studying Bachelor
and Master programs of Petroleum and Petrochemistry Faculty.
The tutorial is prepared by Chemical Technology of Petroleum and
Gas Processing Department.
UDC 665.6(075)
LBC 35.51Чя7
ISBN 978-5-7882-2808-4 © Emelyanycheva Е., Vagapov B., 2020
© Kazan National Research Technological
University, 2020
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TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 5
1. LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF OIL ................................................... 12
1.1. Determination of residual water in oil .................................................. 12
1.2. The density of oil .................................................................................. 14
1.3. Viscosity of oil ..................................................................................... 19
1.4. Oil pour point ....................................................................................... 22
1.5. Determination of resin-asphaltene substances in oil ............................ 23
1.6. Sulfur and sulfur compounds of oil ...................................................... 27
2. ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM DISTILLATION OF OIL .............. 32
2.1. Atmospheric and vacuum laboratory distillation of oil ........................ 32
2.2. Atmospheric and vacuum distillation on oil refineries ......................... 42
3. LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE FRACTIONS ............... 46
3.1. Knock resistance of gasoline fractions ................................................. 47
3.2. The fractional composition of gasoline fractions ................................. 48
3.3. The saturated vapor pressure of gasoline fractions .............................. 51
3.4. Corrosion activity of gasoline fractions ............................................... 52
3.5. The actual resin oils content in gasoline fractions ................................ 53
3.6. Determination of the total amount of sulfur in light oil products,
including gasoline fractions, by the lamp method ....................................... 55
3.7. Determination of the group composition of gasoline ........................... 57
4. LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF DIESEL FUELS ............................... 66
4.1. Ignition properties of diesel fuel ........................................................... 67
4.2. Distillation properties of diesel fuels .................................................... 69
4.3. Flash point of diesel fuels ..................................................................... 73
4.4. Kinematic viscosity of diesel fuels ....................................................... 76
4.5. Low-temperature flow properties of diesel fuels .................................. 79
4.6. The determination of water-soluble acids and alkalis .......................... 81
4.7. Some other properties of diesel fuels ................................................... 82
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5. LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM LUBRICATING
OILS ............................................................................................................ 85
5.1. Viscosity-temperature properties of lubricating oils ............................ 85
5.2. Flash point of lubricating oils ............................................................... 89
5.3. The color of lubricating oils ................................................................. 91
5.4. Some other properties of lubricating oils ............................................. 93
6. LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM RESIDUES .............. 95
6.1. General testing indicators for petroleum residues ................................ 95
6.2. Laboratory analysis of petroleum bitumen ........................................... 95
6.2.1. Bitumen ductility test .................................................................. 97
6.2.2. Bitumen penetration test ............................................................. 98
6.2.3. Bitumen softening point test ....................................................... 99
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 100
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I N T R O D U C T I O N
The task of technical analysis of oil and oil products is the produc-
tion and technical assessment of oil in order to determine the option of its
processing.
Oil is a natural and complex mixture of a large number of hydrocar-
bons of various classes and non-hydrocarbon components: sulfur, oxygen
and nitrogen-containing compounds, resinous and asphaltene substances.
The types of hydrocarbons occurring in the crude oil depend on
the origin of crude oil. The main types of them are:
Straight-chain paraffins or alkanes:
– normal paraffins or linear alkanes:
where n is the number of carbon atoms, = 3–50;
– branched alkanes or isoparaffins, for example,
where (n + m) < 60.
C1–C4 straight-chain paraffins are in the gaseous state at
a temperature of 20 °C and atmospheric pressure. C5–C16 paraffins are in
the liquid state, and they occur in the lighter fractions of the crude oil
(naphtha, kerosene, gasoil). C17 and heavier hydrocarbons under normal
conditions (20 °C, 1 bar) are in the solid state, and they occur dissolved in
the higher boiling point fractions (gasoils and base oils).
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Cycloparaffins:
where R is an alkyl group.
Cycloparaffins (or naphthenes) with five- or six-membered ring and
their lighter alkyl derivates (C6–C8) occur in naphthas, while other non-
aromatic cyclic compounds with higher boiling points occur in kerosene,
gasoil and base oil fractions.
Aromatic hydrocarbons:
– monoaromatics:
– polyaromatics:
Benzene and its homologues with their alkyl sides are in the lighter
fraction. Polyring and partially saturated polyring aromatics and their alkyl
and dialkyl derivates occur in the heavier fractions (gasoil, base oil).
Olefins (alkenes) are open-chain unsaturated hydrocarbons rarely
(usually < 0.1 %) occur in crude oil. These compounds are produced in re-
finery conversion technologies.
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Sulfur compounds:
– H S (hydrogen-sulfide);
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– mercaptanes: R–SH, where R hydrocarbons with a carbon number
of 3–30;
– mono- and disulfides: R–S–R′, where R, R′ are alkyl groups:
– thiophenes:
Nitrogen-containing compounds:
– amines:
where R = 3–30;
– nitriles: R–CN, where R = 3–30;
– pyridine derivates (pyridine, quinoline, acridine):
– pyrrole derivates (pyrrole, indole, carbazole):
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Oxygen-containing compounds:
– aliphatic carboxylic acids: R–COOH;
– naphthenic (carboxylic) acids:
– furan derivates:
– phenols:
Resinic and asphaltenic compounds:
– asphalthenes (M > 3000 g/mol, C/H = 0.79):
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– resins (M = 800 g/mol, C/H = 0.72):
– polyaromatic compounds (M = 400–600 g/mol, C/H = 0.54):
Metal-containing compounds (especially Ni: Nickel and V: vanadium
containing compounds):
Oil lies in porous rocks: sands and sandstones, limestones and clayey
rocks. Usually oil is accompanied by hydrocarbon gases and water with
salts dissolved in it.
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Oils of various fields differ significantly in chemical composition.
Therefore, to select the most appropriate option for processing a particular
oil, it is necessary to know its composition and properties as a whole and
for individual fractions. To facilitate the study of oil, it is divided into
narrow fractions that differ within the boiling point. During the laboratory
workshop students get acquainted with the state-standard methods for
the analysis of oil and oil products.
Distillation material balance and true boiling point curve (TBP) are
formed on the basis of the results of oil distillation. True boiling point curve
gives an idea of the quantitative content of any fractions and residues in oil.
The analysis of the selected fractions characterizes their operational
properties. Comparing the results of the analysis of petroleum products with
the requirements of Russian Federation Standards (specifications) for
a particular petroleum product, a conclusion is made about its quality.
Based on the analysis of oil and oil products, it is necessary to draw
a conclusion about the use of the studied oil, i. e. about a possible way of its
processing.
Before embarking on a study, it is necessary to study the appropriate
literature and methods of work. These guidelines briefly describe
the procedures for performing analysis of petroleum products in accordance
with Standards (specifications). For a detailed review, use the relevant
Standards (GOST). Table shows the scheme of laboratory analysis of oil
and oil products.
Scheme of laboratory analysis of oil and oil products
The stages Basic operations or methods of analysis
of analysis
1. Physico- 1. Determination of residual water content (GOST 2477-65)
chemical charac- 2. Density determination (GOST 3900-85)
teristics of oil 3. Determination of relative viscosity (GOST 6258-85)
4. Determination of pour point (GOST 20287-91)
2. Atmospheric 1. Atmospheric laboratory distillation of oil
and vacuum distil- 2. Vacuum laboratory distillation of atmospheric residue
lation of oil
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