Table Of ContentPeace with Justice
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Peace with Justice
A History of the Israeli–Palestinian
Declaration of Principles on Interim
Self-Government Arrangements
Andrew S. Buchanan
First published in Great Britain 2000 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London
Companies and representatives throughout the world
Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-349-41670-7 ISBN 978-0-333-98104-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780333981047
First published in the United States of America 2000 by
ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, LLC,
Scholarly and Reference Division,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Buchanan, Andrew S., 1965–
Peace with justice : a history of the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles on
Interim Self-Government Arrangements / Andrew S. Buchanan.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Israel. Treaties etc. Munaòòamat al-Taòrår al-Filasòånåyah, 1993 Sept. 13. 2.
West Bank—International status. 3. Gaza Strip—International status. 4.
Arab–Israeli conflict—1993–—Peace. I. Title.
KMM707 .B83 2000
956.95'3044—dc21
00–030582
©Andrew S. Buchanan 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-77501-1
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made
without written permission.
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permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright
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Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained
forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
Contents
Acknowledgements vii
Introduction ix
1 Peace with Justice, for a Just Peace 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Conflict resolution methodology 3
1.3 Theory in conflict resolution 7
1.4 An assessment of relevant theoretical conflict
resolution literature and the aim of the
Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-
Government Arrangements 16
1.5 The dynamics of peace-making? 24
1.6 Resolving intercultural conflict 30
1.7 An assessment of power, diplomacy and the peace
process 33
1.8 Interdependence versus asymmetry 47
1.9 Conflict resolution versus adversarial paradigms 55
1.10 Conclusion 59
2 Madrid – Oslo – Washington DC: the Oslo
Backchannel 63
2.1 Introduction 63
2.2 Establishment and purpose of the Madrid Conference 63
2.3 The US as agent of change 81
2.4 The bilateral negotiating rounds of the Madrid
peace talks 89
2.5 Neither Washington nor Moscow, but international
facilitation 91
2.6 Turn to peace: the evolution of the negotiations
for peace 131
2.7 Conclusion 158
3 The Declaration of Principles on Interim
Self-Government Arrangements: an Analysis 161
3.1 Introduction 161
3.2 La cohabitation: a textual analysis of the
Declaration of Principles 162
v
vi Contents
3.3 Genesis – Il sera une progression chaotique:
analysis of the Declaration of Principles
as an example of conflict resolution 196
3.4 Conclusion 216
4 Implementation of the Declaration of Principles,
and the Negotiation of Further Transitional
Interim Self-Government Arrangements, in
Preparation for Permanent Status Negotiations 221
4.1 Introduction 221
4.2 The Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho
Area, 4 May 1994 222
4.3 The proceeds of peace will underwrite the process
of peace: the Paris Protocol and international aid 236
4.4 The Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers
and Responsibilities, 29 August 1994 263
4.5 The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the
West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 28 September 1995 270
4.6 The final stages of the Interim Phase-Protocol
concerning the redeployment in Hebron,
17 January 1997 277
4.7 Conclusion 332
5 Conclusion The Effectiveness of the Declaration
of Principles on Interim Self-Government
Arrangements as a Means of Conflict Resolution 336
5.1 Introduction 336
5.2 Resolution 339
5.3 Institutionalization 352
5.4 Confidence-building 354
5.5 Empowerment 357
5.6 Mediation 361
5.7 Administration 362
5.8 Negotiation 363
5.9 Further research in the field 364
5.10 The future of the peace process 367
Notes 379
Index 423
Acknowledgements
This project would not have been possible without the support,
assistance and patience of my family and friends, to whom I would
like to extend my gratitude and thanks for their understanding,
indulgence and endurance. I would like to thank those at the De-
partment of International Relations, University of St Andrews, who
provided invaluable advice and encouragement throughout my
doctoral research, from which this work stems; a special thank you
is due to Dr James Kirk of the University of Glasgow for his advice
and encouragement, and to Dr Alan Hooper of the University of
Hertfordshire who gave me the opportunity to put my education
into practice by allowing me to teach live students.
During my doctoral research I had the opportunity to conduct
fieldwork in London at the British Library, the Royal Institute for Inter-
national Affairs and the United Nations office, and in Brussels at the
European Commission; to staff and officials I extend my thanks. I also
had the opportunity to make research trips to the United States, Is-
rael, Hungary, Poland, Belgium and France where I was able to
interview politicians, special advisers, government officials and aca-
demics; many of these interviews provided me with invaluable
information and unique insights into the understanding of Middle
East peace-making and its progress. To those I can mention, I owe
special thanks to: in London, Dr John Levy; in Israel, Alan Baker,
Deputy Legal Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ms Tali Semash,
Academic Services Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mrs Margaret
Crawford, Headmistress, Tabeetha School, Jaffa, Dr Dore Gold, Jaffee
Centre for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University, Dedi Zucker MK, Dr
Asher Susser, Moshe Dayan Centre for Middle Eastern and African
Studies, Tel Aviv University, Dr Martin Van Creveld, Faculty of Hu-
manities, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Rageh Kadhoor, Kol Yisrael,
Dr Ahmad Tibi, Special Adviser for President Arafat, Dr Samir Abdallah,
economist and PLO adviser, Yana and Sasha Gerber; in Belgium Mr
A.V. Flynn; and in the United States particular thanks to Jenny Yamine
and Gena Gorospe at the World Bank, Washington DC for all their
help and kindness, and Professor Rashid Khalidi of the University of
Chicago. To many others unnamed who have assisted me in whatever
manner, I offer my thanks.
vii
viii Acknowledgements
I would also like to extend my gratitude to Janey Fisher for her
indefatigable and astute editing and to Karen Brazier and all at
Macmillan for their kind support. Grateful thanks are also due to
Robert Douglas and the St Andrews University Access Fund, Aber-
deen Endowments Fund, the Sutherland Page Trust at The Royal
Bank of Scotland, the Bank of Scotland and to Fiona Risk and the
Directors of the Buchanan Society, for their generosity in provid-
ing much needed financial assistance and support.
Finally, I would like to acknowledge my indebtedness for all the
generous help, support and encouragement given me by my parents
Andrew and Catherine, my brother Gregor, and especially my best
friend, Patricia. To Patty, whom I met in St Andrews, and to our
beautiful daughter, Aimée, a captive audience in her pram during
long walks along the West Sands, it is because of you St Andrews
will always live in my heart long after this work is complete, to
you both I dedicate this work.
Introduction
Theories of international relations, conflict resolution and peace
studies encompass not only those inter-state, intra-state, interper-
sonal, inter-ethnic, substate and state-substate relations which are
peaceful, but also those that are violent. Owing to the potential
for wreaking massive destruction implicit in the very notion of ‘have
army, will travel’, the problem of violence has become central to
those who study the nature of disputatious international relations
vis-à-vis the closeness or remoteness of the subjects to a shooting
war. Thus theories of unipolarity, bipolarity, multipolarity, and so
on, as the most conducive structure within which to resolve con-
flict, are a source of disagreement among writers on the subject;
examples of comprehensive frameworks with which to address
most conflicts are rather limited. This study will argue that there
is no single existing framework which can capture the essence of
inter-ethnic conflict, as the changing nature of the political reali-
ties forces a constant realignment and reassessment of the structural
configurations.1
Western theories of international relations, and in particular no-
tions of conflict resolution,2 over the past 50 years have been primarily
dominated and overshadowed by the realities of Cold War logic.
Thus new realities and new ways of understanding our complex,
changing world since the collapse of the bipolar model or world
view have to be adapted, and new ones defined. Such an exercise
takes time; in essence old thinking still exists and still dominates
the many players on the international scene. Since 1989–91 there
has been an almost desperate attempt to make sense of the changing
nature of the international system as past certainties are subsumed
and overtaken so quickly by events. Old enmities still exist; they
will merely reconfigure and burst forth in a different guise. For scholars
of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the challenge ahead is how we are
to understand the peace process, coming as it has in the midst of
epochal change, and how we are to view a superpower-inspired and
-sponsored conflict management/conflict resolution model charged
with multidisciplinary and cross-cultural goals.
According to one geopolitical analysis, the occupation of the West
Bank and Gaza Strip, together with Israeli control of the western
ix
