Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, 8th Edition

1738 Pages·2008·84.53 MB·English

by  Carol Mattson Porth

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Concepts of Altered Health States
EIGHTH EDITION
Carol Mattson Porth, RN, MSN, PhD (Physiology)
Professor Emerita
College of Nursing
University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Glenn Matfin, BSc (Hons), MB ChB, DGM, FFPM, FACE, FACP, FRCP
Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology
School of Medicine
New York University
New York, New York
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8th Edition
Copyright ©2009 Wolters Kluwer Health |Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the informa-
tion in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of
the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the
clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations.
The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in
accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in
government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check
the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly
important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug.
Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use
in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned
for use in his or her clinical practice.
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This book is dedicated to
My family: Rick, Susan, Tom, Cody, and Noah
—CAROLMATTSONPORTH
To my wife Marcia
and my parents, Enid and Sid
I also dedicate it to my mentor, Professor Harold Adelman, Tampa, Florida
—GLENNMATFIN
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Consultants
Kathryn J. Gaspard, PhD
Clinical Associate Professor Emerita
College of Nursing
University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Kim Litwack, RN, PhD, FAAN, APNP
Associate Professor
College of Nursing
University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
iv
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Contributors
Judith A. Aberg, MD Jason Faulhaber, MD, Fellow
Principal Investigator, AIDS Clinical Trials Unit Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
Director of HIV, Bellevue Hospital Center New York University School of Medicine
Associate Professor of Medicine New York, New York
New York University School of Medicine (Chapter 20)
(Chapter 20)
Susan A. Fontana, PhD, APRN-BC
Toni Balistrieri, RN, MSN, CCNS Associate Professor and Family Nurse Practitioner
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Critical Care College of Nursing
Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 24) (Chapter 55)
Anna Barkman, RN, BN, MN Kathryn J. Gaspard, PhD
Mount Royal College Clinical Associate Professor Emerita
School of Nursing College of Nursing
Faculty of Health & Community Studies University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Calgary, Alberta, Canada Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 26) (Chapters 12, 13, 14)
Diane S. Book, MD Kathleen E. Gunta, MSN, RN, OCNS-C
Assistant Professor of Neurology Clinical Nurse Specialist
Medical College of Wisconsin Aurora St. Luke’s Medical Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 51) (Chapters 57, 58)
Edward W. Carroll, MS, PhD Safak Guven, MD, MBA, FACE, FACP
Clinical Assistant Professor Las Vegas, Nevada
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences (Chapter 42)
Marquette University
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Serena W. Hung, MD
(Chapters 4, 6, 48, 54) Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology
Medical College of Wisconsin
Robin Curtis, PhD Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Professor, Retired (Chapter 50)
Department of Cellular Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy
Medical College of Wisconsin Scott A. Jens, OD, FAAO
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Doctor of Optometry
(Chapters 48, 54) Isthmus Eye Care, SC
Middleton, Wisconsin
W. Michael Dunne Jr., PhD (Chapter 54)
Professor of Pathology, Immunology, and Molecular Microbiology
Washington University School of Medicine Mary Kay Jiricka, RN, MSN, CCRN, APN-BC
Medical Director of Microbiology Staff Nurse, Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
Barnes-Jewish Hospital Aurora St. Luke’s Medical Center
St. Louis, Missouri Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 16) (Chapter 11)
v
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vi Contributors
Julie A. Kuenzi, RN, MSN, CDE Sandra Kawczynski Pasch, RN, MS, MA
Manager–Diabetes and Endocrine Center Assistant Professor
Froedtert Hospital and Medical College of Wisconsin Columbia College of Nursing
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 42) (Chapter 53)
Mary Pat Kunert, RN, PhD Janice Kuiper Pikna, RN, MSN, CS
Associate Professor Clinical Nurse Specialist–Gerontology
College of Nursing Froedtert Hospital
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Chapter 3)
(Chapters 9, 10)
Joan Pleuss, RD, MS, CDE, CD
Nathan A. Ledeboer, PhD Program Manager/Bionutrition Core
Assistant Professor of Pathology General Clinical Research Center (GCRC)
Medical College of Wisconsin Medical College of Wisconsin
Director, Clinical Microbiology Milwaukee, Wisconsin
DynaCare Laboratories (Chapter 39)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 16) Charlotte Pooler, RN, BScN, MN, PhD (Nursing),
CNCC(C), CNC(C)
Kim Litwack, RN, PhD, FAAN, APNP Director, Baccalaureate Nursing Program
Associate Professor Faculty of Health and Community Studies
College of Nursing Grant MacEwan College
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Chapters 26, 29)
(Chapters 27, 32, 49)
Debra Bancroft Rizzo, RN, MSN, FNP-C
Judy Wright Lott, RNC, DSN, FAAN Nurse Practitioner
Dean and Professor of Nursing Rheumatic Disease Center
Louise Herrington School of Nursing Glendale, Wisconsin
Baylor University (Chapter 59)
Waco, Texas
(Chapter 2) Gladys Simandl, RN, PhD
Professor
Patricia McCowen Mehring, RNC, MSN, WHNP Columbia College of Nursing
Nurse Practitioner, Department of OB-GYN Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Medical College of Wisconsin (Chapters 60, 61)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapters 45, 46, 47) Cynthia Sommer, PhD, MT (ASCP)
Associate Professor Emerita, Department of Biological Sciences
Carrie J. Merkle, RN, PhD, FAAN University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Associate Professor Milwaukee, Wisconsin
College of Nursing (Chapters 17, 18)
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona Jill Winters, RN, PhD
(Chapters 5, 8) Director of Research and Scholarship; Associate Professor
Marquette University College of Nursing
Kathleen Mussatto, RN, PhD(C) Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Research Manager (Chapter 25)
Herma Heart Center
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(Chapter 24)
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Reviewers
Sally Aboelela, PhD Jackie Carnegie, PhD, MEd Jamie Flower, RN, MS
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor, Department of Cellular Assistant Professor
Columbia University and Molecular Medicine University of Arkansas-Fort Smith
New York, New York University of Ottawa Fort Smith, Arkansas
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Joann Acierno, RN, BSN, MSN Joyce S. Fontana, RN, PhD
Assistant Professor Margaret Christensen, RN, PhD Assistant Professor of Nursing
Clarkson College Associate Professor St. Joseph College-W. Hartford
Omaha, Nebraska Northeastern University West Hartford, Connecticut
Boston, Massachusetts
Karen Bailey, RN, MSN, BC-FNP Dorothy Ann Fraser, MSN, FNP-C
Assistant Professor; Family Nurse Elizabeth Cohn, RN, NP, ACNP, DNSc Lecturer
Practitioner Assistant Professor University of California-Davis
Marshall University; Valley Health Adelphi University Davis, California
Huntington, West Virginia Garden City, New York
Susan K. Frazier, RN, PhD
Joseph Balatbat, MD Christine Colella, MSN, CS, CNP Associate Professor
Vice President of Academic Affairs Associate Professor of Clinical Nursing; University of Kentucky
Sanford-Brown Institute NYC Adult Nurse Practitioner Lexington, Kentucky
New York, New York University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio Laura M. Freidhoff, MD
Susan Blakey, RN, MS Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor Cathleen A. Collins, RN, MSN Michigan State University College
Georgia Baptist College of Nursing Assistant Professor of Nursing
Atlanta, Georgia Texas Tech University Lansing, Michigan
Lubbock, Texas
Carey Bosold, RN, MSN, APN, FNP Louise Glover, RN, BA, A-EMCA
Assistant Professor David Derrico, RN, MSN Professor and Coordinator
Arkansas Tech University Assistant Clinical Professor College Boreal
Russellville, Arkansas University of Florida Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
Gainesville, Florida
Donna Bowles, RN, MSN, EdD James Hampton, PhD
Associate Professor of Nursing Dare Domico, RN, DSN Professor
Indiana University Southeast Professor Medical College of Ohio
New Albany, Indiana Mercer University-Atlanta Toledo, Ohio
Atlanta, Georgia
Carolyn M. Burger, RN, MSN, BC, AOCN Sharon R. Haymaker, PhD, CRNP
Associate Professor Crystal Donlevy, EdD Associate Professor
Miami University Middletown Professor Bloomsburg University
Middletown, Ohio Cincinnati State Technical Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
and Community College
Wanda Emberley Burke, RN, BN, Cincinnati, Ohio Judy Hembd, RN, MSN
MEd, PCNP Assistant Professor
Faculty (Nurse Practitioner Program) Margaret Fink, RN, EdD, BC Montana State University Northern
Centre for Nursing Studies Assistant Professor Havre, Montana
St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Dominican University of California
Canada San Rafael, California Lori Hendrickx, RN, EdD, CCRN
Associate Professor
Connie Lorette Calvin, CRNA, ARNP, Cindy Fitzgerald, RN, PhD(c), ARNP South Dakota State University
MS, Doctoral Fellow Assistant Professor and Coordinator, Brookings, South Dakota
Associate Clinical Coordinator Family Nurse Practitioner Program
Northeastern University Gonzaga University
Boston, Massachusetts Spokane, Washington
vii
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viii Reviewers
Leslie Higgins, PhD, APRN, BC Brian Kipp, PhD Eve Main, ARNP
Associate Professor and Director, Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Graduate Nursing Program Grand Valley State University Western Kentucky University
Belmont University Allendale, Michigan Bowling Green, Kentucky
Nashville, Tennessee
Lori Knight, CCHRA(c) Maria E. Main, MSN, ARNP, MSN
Lisa Hight, EdD Instructor, Health Information Assistant Professor
Associate Professor, Biology Management Program Western Kentucky University
Baptist Memorial College of Health Sciences SIAST Wascana Campus Bowling Green, Kentucky
Memphis, Tennessee Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
Brenda Mason, MSN, APRN, FNP-BC
Kathleen J. Holbrook, BS Therese M. Lahnstein, RN, MSN, CCRN Assistant Professor of Nursing
Vice President and Director Assistant Professor Alderson-Broadus College
Andrews and Holbrook Training Corporation Columbus State University Philippi, West Virginia
Latham, New York Columbus, Georgia
Timothy Maze, PhD
Patricia C. Hunt, DO, MHA Brigitte Lalonde, ACP Assistant Professor
Adjunct Professor Coordinator/Professor Lander University
Pace University La Cite Collegiale Greenwood, South Carolina
New York, New York Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Sharon McCleave, BS, MEd
Joanne Itano, RN, PhD, OCN Gemme Langor, BN, Med Professor
Interim Vice Chancellor; Director of Professor Seneca College
Academic Plan and Policy Centre for Nursing Studies Toronto, Ontario, Canada
University of Hawaii St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador,
Honolulu, Hawaii Canada Leigh Ann McInnis, PhD, APRN,
BC, FNP
Frances Jackson, RN, PhD Ramona Lazenby, EdD, CRNP Instructor
Associate Professor of Nursing Assistant Dean and Associate Professor Belmont University
Oakland University of Nursing Nashville, Tennessee
Rochester, Michigan Auburn University-Montgomery
Montgomery, Alabama Rhonda M. McLain, RN, DSN
Nadine T. James, RN, BSN, MSN, PhD Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor Edna Johnson Lewis, MS, RN, CCRN, CS Clayton College and State University
University of Southern Mississippi Clinical Assistant Professor Atlanta, Georgia
Hattiesburg, Mississippi Downstate Medical Center,
College of Nursing Thomas McNeilis, PhD, DO
Judy Jezierski, RN, MSN Brooklyn, New York Associate Professor, Biology
Chair, Department of Nursing Dixie State College
Saint Joseph’s College Linda Linc, RN, PhD, CNS St. George, Utah
West Hartford, Connecticut Professor
University of Akron James A. Metcalf, PhD
Ritamarie John, DrNP, CPNP Akron, Ohio Professor
PNP/NNP Program Director George Mason University
Columbia University School of Nursing Anne Lincoln, DVM Fairfax, Virginia
New York, New York Associate Professor, Biology
North Country Community College Anita Mills, RN, MSN
Brenda P. Johnson, RN, PhD Saranac Lake, New York 4th Semester Lead Faculty
Associate Professor Butler County Community College-El Dorado
Southeast Missouri State University Suzanne E. Lindley, PhD, MS El Dorado, Kansas
Cape Girardeau, Missouri Associate Professor, Biology
Limestone College Robert Moldenhauer, MS
Jennifer Johnson, MSN Gaffney, South Carolina Professor
Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing St. Clair County Community College
University of NC-Pembroke Wendy B. Loren, MS, LMT Port Huron, Michigan
Pembroke, North Carolina Faculty
Lane Community College Donna Moralejo, RN, PhD
Eugene, Oregon Memorial University School of Nursing
St. John’s, New Foundland and Labrador,
Canada