Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease

1339 Pages·2011·143.11 MB·English

by  James F. Zachary

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James F. Zachary, DVM, PhD
Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Pathologists
Professor of Veterinary Pathology
Department of Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois
M. Donald McGavin, MVSc, PhD, FACVSc
Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Pathologists
Professor Emeritus of Veterinary Pathology
Department of Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF VETERINARY DISEASE ISBN: 978-0-323-07533-6
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CONTRIBUTORS
Mark R. Ackermann, DVM, PhD, DACVP Arnon Gal, DVM, MS, DACVIM (SAIM)
Professor Anatomic Pathology Resident
Department of Veterinary Pathology Department of Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University University of Illinois
Ames, Iowa Urbana, Illinois
Inflammation and Healing Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic Vessels
Danielle L. Brown, DVM, DACVP Howard B. Gelberg, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Staff Pathologist Professor of Pathology
WIL-Biotechnics Department of Biomedical Sciences
Hillsborough, North Carolina College of Veterinary Medicine
Hepatobiliary System and Exocrine Pancreas Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
Cathy S. Carlson, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Alimentary System and the Peritoneum, Omentum, Mesentery, and
Professor Peritoneal Cavity
Department of Veterinary Population Medicine
Pamela Eve Ginn, DVM, DACVP
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Minnesota Visiting Associate Professor
St. Paul, Minnesota Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology
Bones, Joints, Tendons, and Ligaments College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Florida
John M. Cullen, VMD, PhD, DACVP
Gainesville, Florida
Professor The Integument
Department of Population Health and Pathobiology
Ann M. Hargis, DVM, MS, DACVP
College of Veterinary Medicine
North Carolina State University Owner
Raleigh, North Carolina DermatoDiagnostics
Hepatobiliary System and Exocrine Pancreas Edmonds, Washington
Affiliate Associate Professor
Robert A. Foster, BVSc, PhD, MACVSc, DACVP
Department of Comparative Medicine
Professor University of Washington
Department of Pathobiology School of Medicine
Ontario Veterinary College Seattle, Washington
University of Guelph The Integument
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Donna F. Kusewitt, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Female Reproductive System and Mammary Gland
Male Reproductive System Professor
Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park Research
Michael M. Fry, DVM, MS, DACVP
Division
Associate Professor University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Department of Pathobiology Smithville, Texas
College of Veterinary Medicine Neoplasia and Tumor Biology
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphatic System
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
Krista M.D. La Perle, DVM, PhD, DACVP Bradley L. Njaa, DVM, MVSc, DACVP
Associate Professor Associate Professor
Director of Comparative Pathology & Mouse Phenotyping Department of Veterinary Pathobiology
Shared Resource Center for Veterinary Health Sciences
Department of Veterinary Biosciences Oklahoma State University
College of Veterinary Medicine Stillwater, Oklahoma
The Ohio State University The Ear and Eye
Columbus, Ohio
Paul W. Snyder, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Endocrine System
Professor of Veterinary Pathology
Alfonso López, MVZ, MSc, PhD
Comparative Pathobiology
Professor of Pathology School of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Pathology and Microbiology Purdue University
Atlantic Veterinary College West Lafayette, Indiana
University of Prince Edward Island Diseases of Immunity
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
Beth A. Valentine, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae
Professor
M. Donald McGavin, MVSc, PhD, FACVSc, DACVP
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Professor Emeritus of Veterinary Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Pathobiology Oregon State University
College of Veterinary Medicine Corvallis, Oregon
University of Tennessee Skeletal Muscle
Knoxville, Tennessee
John F. Van Vleet, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Cellular Adaptations, Injury, and Death: Morphologic, Biochemical,
and Genetic Bases Professor Emeritus of Veterinary Pathology
Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphatic System Comparative Pathobiology
Skeletal Muscle School of Veterinary Medicine
Photographic Techniques in Veterinary Pathology Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
Lisa M. Miller, DVM, PhD, DACVP, Med
Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic Vessels
Professor
Steven E. Weisbrode, VMD, PhD, DACVP
Department of Pathology and Microbiology
Atlantic Veterinary College Professor Emeritus
University of Prince Edward Island Department of Veterinary Biosciences
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada College of Veterinary Medicine
Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic Vessels The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
Derek A. Mosier, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Bones, Joints, Tendons, and Ligaments
Professor
Brian P. Wilcock, DVM, PhD
Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine Senior Pathologist
Kansas State University Histovet Surgical Pathology
Manhattan, Kansas Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Vascular Disorders and Thrombosis Professor Emeritus
Department of Pathobiology
Ronald K. Myers, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Ontario Veterinary College
Professor University of Guelph
Department of Veterinary Pathology Guelph, Ontario, Canada
College of Veterinary Medicine The Ear and Eye
Iowa State University
James F. Zachary, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Ames, Iowa
Cellular Adaptations, Injury, and Death: Morphologic, Biochemical, Professor of Veterinary Pathology
and Genetic Bases Department of Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
Shelley J. Newman, DVM, DVSc, DACVP
University of Illinois
Associate Professor Urbana, Illinois
Department of Pathobiology Cellular Adaptations, Injury, and Death: Morphologic, Biochemical,
College of Veterinary Medicine and Genetic Bases
University of Tennessee Mechanisms of Microbial Infections
Knoxville, Tennessee Nervous System
The Urinary System
PREFACE
EVOLVE SITE
Following the enthusiastic reception of the fourth edition of Patho­
logic Basis of Veterinary Disease both nationally and internationally,
the fifth edition continues with the same philosophical approach— An enhanced Evolve site accompanies this edition. The Evolve site
explaining pathology and its lesions in the context of understand- includes all of the images from the book, plus additional images and
ing disease in a chronological sequence of events from both the schematic illustrations that supplement some common diseases and
morphologic and mechanistic perspectives, and with an emphasis disease processes discussed in the book. These additional materials
on responses of cells, tissues, and organs to injury. may be useful adjuncts for instructors in classroom and/or labora-
Veterinary pathology is a dynamic discipline and since the tory presentations.
fourth edition was published in 2006, there have been many new To avoid adding length and weight to the book, information of
insights into the pathogeneses of existing diseases and new or historical value and basic clinical information have been removed
reemerging diseases, many of which have serious economic and from the printed book and can be found on the Evolve site. Also
health consequences for animals and humans. As a result, to meet included on the Evolve site are guidelines for performing a com-
the growing scope of the veterinary curriculum we have added to plete, systematic necropsy and appropriate sample acquisition for
the fifth edition new and revised materials on pets, livestock, and selected organ systems; a glossary of terms to accompany selected
production animal health, including diseases the USDA/APHIS organ systems; and methods for gross specimen photography and
and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) consider photomicrography. Additionally, all of the selected readings are
as “Foreign Animal Diseases” or “OIE Reportable Diseases,” available on the Evolve site and are linked to original abstracts
respectively. on PubMed.
The book is not meant to be encyclopedic; specific diseases have The printed book will direct you to the website when there is
been selected either because they are of primary importance in the additional information available.
practice of veterinary medicine or because they illustrate a basic
mechanism. We also hope this edition will continue to provide a
ABOUT THE COVER
bridge between students’ understanding of material learned in the
basic sciences and the interpretation of results of physical examina-
tions, differential disease diagnoses, imaging modalities, biochemi- Canine parvovirus enteritis, an important and often fatal disease of
cal and molecular diagnostic methods, and therapeutic strategies dogs, is caused by a cytolytic virus that infects and kills mitotically
presented in the students’ clinical years. active cells including crypt enterocytes of the small intestine. Virus
in fecal matter is inhaled or ingested and then deposited on and
trapped in the mucus layer of oral, nasal, and pharyngeal mucosae,
NEW TO THIS EDITION
where it infects mucosal macrophages or dendritic cells. These cells
spread parvovirus to lymphocytes of the lamina propria of the
The fifth edition of Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease has been mucosa, especially that of the tonsil where it infects and replicates
updated and reorganized such that specific diseases are described in lymphocytes. Many of these cells subsequently lyse, allowing
under the major domestic animal affected—horses, ruminants virus to escape free into the lymph, where it and infected macro-
(cattle, sheep, and goats), pigs, dogs, and cats. Those disorders and phages drain to regional lymph nodes and then, via the blood vas-
diseases not unique to a single species are grouped under a heading cular system, systemically to the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone
titled “Disorders of Domestic Animals.” We continue to describe marrow, and mucosa-associated lymphoid nodules (MALT) such
disease pathogenesis based on sections covering structure, func- as Peyer’s patches of the small intestine. In Peyer’s patches, chiefly
tion, portals of entry, defense mechanisms, and responses to injury, the mitotically active cells of the lymphoid follicle are infected and
augmented by schematic color diagrams and full color illustrations lysed (lymphocytolysis). From Peyer’s patches, parvovirus spreads
of lesions. Our hope is that this approach will be helpful to the to adjacent crypts causing enterocyte necrosis, with the result that
student (and to their instructors) in their understanding of both enterocytes required to replace those lost in normal turnover of
pathology and the related disciplines of microbiology, immunol- absorptive enterocytes sloughed from the tip of a villus, or from
ogy, and infectious diseases. Other additions to the fifth edition destruction by the virus, are not produced. Consequently, villi in
include new sections on the genetic basis of disease, diseases of the a short time are denuded of epithelium, and the primary gross
ear, and diseases of ligaments and tendons and a new chapter on lesion that results is fibrinonecrotic enteritis with hemorrhage and
mechanisms of microbial infections. an accompanying serositis. Necrotic crypt enterocytes slough and
vii
viii PREFACE
release virus into the intestinal lumen and then, through diarrheic to confirm the origin of the photograph and correct the acknowl-
feces, pass it into the environment. edgment before the book goes into the next printing.
If no crypt enterocytes are viable, the villi will remain naked, Although we have used materials from many Elsevier books, we
collapse, and fuse together; however, if some crypt enterocytes are wish to specifically acknowledge the editors of the following books
still viable, they will become hyperplastic and divide rapidly to for granting use of some of their illustrative materials:
re-epithelialize the denuded villi. To facilitate this process, the villi • Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Nelson Fausto, and Jon Aster:
collapse to reduce the volume of their surface area and the crypt Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
enterocytes replicate to produce a less specialized low cuboidal • Abraham L. Kierszenbaum: Histology and Cell Biology: an Intro­
enterocyte that spreads out to cover the exposed basement mem- duction to Pathology
brane of the surface area. With time, these less specialized entero- • Lee-Ellen C. Copstead and Jacquelyn L. Banasik: Pathophysio­
cytes will be replaced by fully functioning columnar enterocytes. logy: Biological and Behavioral Perspectives
Thus villus atrophy can be either a transitory stage in regeneration • Kathryn L. McCance and Sue E. Huether: Pathophysiology: the
with return to normal structure and function of affected villi or a Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
permanent alteration if there is complete destruction of “regenera- • Sue E. Huether and Kathryn L. McCance: Understanding
tive” crypt enterocytes in that segment of the small intestine. Pathophysiology
We also wish to acknowledge the contributions of the Elsevier staff:
Shelly Stringer (managing editor), David Stein (senior production
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
editor), and Theodore G. Huff (medical artist). We also appreciate
the input of Penny Rudolph, publisher at Elsevier. Finally, we wish
We wish to extend our deepest appreciation and thanks to our col- to thank our families—James Zachary to his daughters, Amanda
leagues throughout the world (truly an international effort), who and Briana, and Donald McGavin to his late wife, Beverley—for
have so generously provided their illustrative materials for use in their support and encouragement during this process.
the fifth edition. Although space limitations preclude listing them No greater impact can be made on students in their veterinary
here, their names are cited in the figure legend credit for each illus- education than by teachers, including veterinary pathologists, who
tration. We also extend our deepest appreciation to Dr. Elizabeth are willing to share their expertise and knowledge with them.
W. Howerth, Director of Noah’s Arkive, College of Veterinary We hope that Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease will aid in this
Medicine, The University of Georgia for allowing us to use illus- process, foster the student’s understanding of mechanistic concepts,
trations from the Arkive. We have made every attempt to properly and perhaps also alter the way that veterinary pathologists think
credit each illustration to its original source; however, we recognize about teaching pathology.
that inadvertent errors will be made in the process of assembling a
<
textbook. Please address any concerns about credits to zacharyj@ JAMES F. ZACHARY
> < >
illinois.edu or [email protected] . We will make every effort M. DONALD McGAVIN
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 GENERAL PATHOLOGY
1 CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS, INJURY, AND DEATH: MORPHOLOGIC, BIOCHEMICAL,
AND GENETIC BASES, 2
Ronald K. Myers, M. Donald McGavin, and James F. Zachary
Basic Terminology, 2
Types of Diagnosis, 3
Morphologic Changes and How They Are Detected and Evaluated, 3
The Normal Cell, 4
Causes of Cell Injury, 7
Reversible Cell Injury, 10
Irreversible Cell Injury and Cell Death, 13
Chronic Cell Injury and Cell Adaptation, 26
Cellular Aging, 48
Genetic Basis of Disease, 49
2 VASCULAR DISORDERS AND THROMBOSIS, 60
Derek A. Mosier
Circulatory System, 60
Microcirculation, Interstitium, and Cells, 61
Fluid Distribution and Homeostasis, 61
Abnormal Fluid Distribution, 66
Hemostasis, 68
Disorders of Hemostasis: Hemorrhage and Thrombosis, 75
Normal Blood Flow, Distribution, and Perfusion, 82
Alterations in Blood Flow and Perfusion, 83
Shock, 86
3 INFLAMMATION AND HEALING, 89
Mark R. Ackermann
Evolution of the Current Understanding of Inflammation, 89
Beneficial and Harmful Aspects of Inflammation, 89
Acute Inflammation, 91
Substances Inducing the Acute Inflammatory Response, 93
Fluidic (Exudative) Phase of the Acute Inflammatory Response, 95
Cellular Phase of the Acute Inflammatory Response, 96
ix