Table Of ContentGraduate Texts in Physics
Bogdan Povh
Klaus Rith
Christoph Scholz
Frank Zetsche
Werner Rodejohann
Particles
and Nuclei
An Introduction to the Physical Concepts
Seventh Edition
Graduate Texts in Physics
SeriesEditors
SadriHassani
Illinois,USA
W.J.Munro
Kanagawa,Japan
RichardNeeds
Cambridge,UK
WilliamT.Rhodes
Florida,USA
MartinStutzmann
Garching,Germany
AndreasWipf
Jena,Germany
GraduateTexts inPhysics
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Bogdan Povh • Klaus Rith • Christoph Scholz •
Frank Zetsche • Werner Rodejohann
Particles and Nuclei
An Introduction to the Physical Concepts
Seventh Edition
123
BogdanPovh KlausRith
Max-Planck-InstitutfuRrKernphysik DepartmentPhysik
Heidelberg,Germany UniversitaRtErlangen-NuRrnberg
Erlangen,Germany
ChristophScholz FrankZetsche
SAPAG DFSDeutscheFlugsicherungGmbH
Walldorf,Germany Langen,Germany
WernerRodejohann
Max-Planck-InstitutfuRrKernphysik
Heidelberg,Germany
ThefirsteditionwastranslatedbyDr.MartinLavelle
TitleoftheoriginalGermanEdition:
B.Povh,K.Rith,C.Scholz,F.Zetsche:TeilchenundKerne
EineEinführungindiephysikalischenKonzepte.(9.Auflage)
(c)Springer1993,1994,1995,1997,1999,2004,2006,2009und2014
ISSN1868-4513 ISSN1868-4521 (electronic)
GraduateTextsinPhysics
ISBN978-3-662-46320-8 ISBN978-3-662-46321-5 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-662-46321-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015942913
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg1995,1999,2002,2004,2006,2008,2015
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
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nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
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Preface
Since the first German edition of this textbook in 1993, many extensions and
corrections of the text have been added in every further edition. For the present
seventh English edition, the text of several chapters and also many figures have
beenthoroughlyrevisedandupdated,andplentyofadditionalinformationhasbeen
added.
Werner Rodejohann joined the team of authors. He mainly cared about the
chaptersthatdealwithneutrinosandthe Higgsparticle.A newChap.11hasbeen
added with the focus on neutrino properties, neutrino oscillations and Majorana
neutrinos; additional aspects of the latter topic are summarised in Chap.18.
Chapter12hasbeenextendedbyadiscussiononspontaneoussymmetrybreaking,
the Higgs potential and the experimental observation of the Higgs particle at the
LHC.
Updatesonexperimentalresultsincludenewinformationabouttheelasticform
factorsofprotonandneutron,inparticularfromJLabexperiments(Chap.6)andthe
finalresultsfortheprotonstructurefunctionFp andcharged-currentcross-sections
2
obtainedby the experimentsH1 and ZEUS at the HERA electron/positron-proton
colliderHERA(Chaps.8,10,12).Chapter15hasbeensubstantiallyextendedbya
discussionofCPviolationinthedecayofneutralK-andB-mesonsanditsdetailed
investigation by fixed-target experiments with high-energy kaon beams at CERN
and FNAL and the two B-factory experiments BaBar and BELLE. A section on
the investigation of the nucleon’s spin structure in deep-inelastic lepton-nucleon
scatteringwithpolarisedbeamsandtargetshasbeenaddedtoChap.16.
v
vi Preface
We would like to thank Lara de Nardo, Markus Diefenthaler and Friedrich
StinzingforproducingsomeofthenewfiguresandArmineRostomyanandMorgan
Murrayforcarefullyreadingandcorrectingthetranslationsofseveralnewlywritten
paragraphs.
Heidelberg,Germany Theauthors
March2015
Preface to the First Edition
TheaimofPARTICLES ANDNUCLEIistogiveaunifieddescriptionofnuclearand
particle physics because the experiments which have uncovered the substructure
of atomic nuclei and nucleons are conceptually similar. With the progress of
experimental and theoretical methods, atoms, nuclei, nucleons and finally quarks
havebeenanalysedduringthecourseofthiscentury.Theintuitiveassumptionthat
ourworldiscomposedofa fewconstituents– anideawhichseemsattractive,but
couldnotbetakenforgranted–appearstobeconfirmed.Moreover,theinteractions
between these constituents of matter can be formulated elegantly and are well
understoodconceptually,withintheso-calledstandardmodel.
Once wehavearrivedatthisunderlyingtheory,we areimmediatelyfacedwith
thequestionofhowthecomplexstructuresaroundusareproducedbyit.Ontheway
fromelementaryparticlesto nucleonsandnuclei,we learnthatthe“fundamental”
lawsoftheinteractionbetweenelementaryparticlesarelessandlessrecognisable
in composite systems because many-body interactions cause greater and greater
complexityforlargersystems.
This bookis thereforedivided into two parts. In the first partwe deal with the
reduction of matter in all its complication to a few elementary constituents and
interactions, while the second part is devoted to the composition of hadrons and
nucleifromtheirconstituents.
We put special emphasis on the description of the experimental concepts, but
we mostly refrain from explaining technical details. The appendix contains a
short description of the principles of accelerators and detectors. The exercises
predominantlyaim atgivingthestudentsa feelingfor thesizes of the phenomena
ofnuclearandparticlephysics.
Wherever possible, we refer to the similarities between atoms, nuclei and
hadrons,becauseapplyinganalogieshasnotonlyturnedouttobea veryeffective
research tool but is also very helpful for understanding the character of the
underlyingphysics.
We have aimed at a concise description but have taken care that all the
fundamentalconceptsare clearlydescribed.Regardingourselection of topics, we
were guided by pedagogicalconsiderations.This is why we describe experiments
vii
viii PrefacetotheFirstEdition
which– fromtoday’spointof view – can be interpretedin a straightforwardway.
Many historically significant experiments, whose results can nowadays be much
moresimplyobtained,weredeliberatelyomitted.
PARTICLES AND NUCLEI (TEILCHEN UND KERNE) is based on lectures on
nuclear and particle physics given at the University of Heidelberg to students in
their 6th semester and conveys the fundamental knowledge in this area, which is
requiredofastudentmajoringinphysics.Ontraditionalgroundstheselectures,and
thereforethisbook,stronglyemphasisethephysicalconcepts.
WeareparticularlygratefultoJ.Hüfner(Heidelberg)andM.Rosina(Ljubljana)
for their valuable contributions to the nuclear physics part of the book. We
would like to thank D. Dubbers (Heidelberg), A. Fäßler (Tübingen), G. Garvey
(Los Alamos), H. Koch (Bochum), K. Königsmann (Freiburg), U. Lynen (GSI
Darmstadt), G. Mairle (Mannheim), O. Nachtmann (Heidelberg), H.J. Pirner
(Heidelberg), B. Stech (Heidelberg) and Th. Walcher (Mainz) for their critical
readingandhelpfulcommentsonsomesections.Manystudentswhoattendedour
lecture in the 1991 and 1992 summer semesters helped us through their criticism
to correct mistakes and improve unclear passages. We owe special thanks to
M. Beck, Ch. Büscher, S. Fabian, Th. Haller, A. Laser, A. Mücklich, W. Wander
andE.Wittmann.
M. Lavelle (Barcelona) has translated the major part of the book and put it in
the present linguistic form. We much appreciated his close collaboration with us.
TheEnglishtranslationofthisbookwasstartedbyH.HahnandM.Moinester(Tel
Aviv)whomwegreatlythank.
Numerous figures from the German text have been adapted for the English
edition by J. Bockholt, V. Träumer and G. Vogt of the Max-Planck-Institut für
KernphysikinHeidelberg.
We would like to extend our thanks to Springer-Verlag, in particular
W. Beiglböck for his support and advice during the preparation of the German
and,lateron,theEnglisheditionsofthisbook.
Heidelberg,Germany BogdanPovh
May1995 KlausRith
ChristophScholz
FrankZetsche
Contents
1 Horsd’œuvre ............................................................... 1
1.1 FundamentalConstituentsofMatter ................................ 1
1.2 FundamentalInteractions............................................ 3
1.3 SymmetriesandConservationLaws ................................ 4
1.4 Experiments .......................................................... 5
1.5 Units .................................................................. 6
Reference..................................................................... 7
PartI Analysis:TheBuildingBlocksofMatter
2 GlobalPropertiesofNuclei ............................................... 11
2.1 TheAtomandItsConstituents ...................................... 11
2.2 Nuclides............................................................... 13
2.3 ParametrisationofBindingEnergies................................ 19
2.4 ChargeIndependenceoftheNuclearForceandIsospin ........... 21
Problem....................................................................... 23
References.................................................................... 23
3 NuclearStability ........................................................... 25
3.1 BetaDecay............................................................ 27
3.2 AlphaDecay.......................................................... 31
3.3 NuclearFission....................................................... 34
3.4 DecayofExcitedNuclearStates .................................... 36
Problems ..................................................................... 38
References.................................................................... 40
4 Scattering ................................................................... 41
4.1 GeneralObservationsAboutScatteringProcesses ................. 41
4.2 Cross-Sections........................................................ 44
4.3 The“GoldenRule”................................................... 48
4.4 FeynmanDiagrams................................................... 50
Problems ..................................................................... 52
References.................................................................... 53
ix
