P oster ACUTE EFFECT OF ACTIVE HAMSTRING STRETCHING IN ADULTS WITH LIMITED ...

193 Pages·2014·2.65 MB·English

NSCA IV INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2014
CCD
HUMAN PERFORMANCE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING
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ACUTE EFFECT OF ACTIVE HAMSTRING STRETCHING IN ADULTS WITH LIMITED P
o
HAMSTRING EXTENSIBILITY
s
López-Miñarro, P.A.1, Muyor, J.M.2, Alacid, F.3, Vaquero, R.3 t
e
1 University of Murcia, Spain.
r
2 University of Almería, Spain.
3 Catholic University of Murcia, Spain.
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION in the pre-test and 23.19 ± 11.20º in the post-test (p <
Reduced hamstring extensibility has been proposed as a 0.001). Significant improvements were also found in the
predisposing factor for low back disorders and changes in toe-touch score (pre-test: -11.75 ± 7.66 cm; post-test: -4.89
lumbopelvic rhythm (1). Different stretching techniques ± 8.35 cm; p < 0.001).
and protocols have found improvements in hamstring ex-
tensibility (2). Some studies have compared the effects of DISCUSSION
different stretching techniques on the length of the ham- Significant increases in the active knee extension test
string muscles and detected different effects according to were detected after active stretching protocol. Several
the technique used. The purpose of this study was to de- studies have found a significant improvement in active
termine the acute effect of an active hamstring stretching knee extension test in young adults (between 5-12º) imme-
protocol in adults with limited hamstring flexibility. diately after other hamstring stretching protocols or single
stretching (2,3). In the current study an improvement
METHODS around 7-8º in the active knee extension test was found.
Thirty-six adults (28.78 ± 7.13 years) with a straight leg Furthermore, an improvement in the toe-touch score was
raise angle lower than 70º in both limbs were recruited for detected (mean difference pre-post score: +6.86 cm). This
this study. The subjects performed a hamstring stretching greater score after stretching could be related to an im-
protocol consisting of four active exercises. The session proved anterior pelvic tilt and greater lumbar flexion (1).
consisted of 3 sets of each exercise holding the position
for 20 seconds with a 30-second rest between sets and ex- REFERENCES
ercises. Hamstring extensibility was determined by active 1. López-Miñarro PA, Muyor JM, Alacid F, Rodríguez PL. Influence of
Sport Training on Sagittal Spinal Curvatures, pp 63-98. In: Wright AM
knee extension and toe-touch tests. The distance from the
and Rothenberg SP (Ed). Posture: Types, Assessment and Control. 2011;
toes (zero point) was measured in centimeters. All mea- Nova Publishers Pub Inc. New York.
sures were performed before and immediately after the 2. Youdas JW, Haeflinger KM, Kreun MK, Holloway AM, Kramer CM, Hol-
lman JH. The efficacy of two modified proprioceptive neuromuscular
hamstring stretching protocol.
facilitation stretching techniques in subjects with reduced hamstring
muscle length. Physiotheraphy. Theory and Practice. 2010;26(4):240-
RESULTS 50.
Mean (± SD) left active knee extension angles were 32.36 3. O’Hora J, Cartwright A, Wade CD, Hough AD, Shum GL. Efficacy of
static stretching and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretch
± 9.32º in the pre-test and 23.28 ± 9.46º in the post-test (p
on hamstrings length after a single session. Journal of Strength and
< 0.001). For the right leg, the values were 31.06 ± 10.35º Conditioning Research. 2011;25(6):1586-91.
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r IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF HAMSTRING MUSCLE STRETCHING IN SAGITTAL
e
SPINAL CURVATURES
t
s
López-Miñarro, P.A.1, Muyor, J.M.2, Alacid, F.3, Vaquero, R.3
o
P 1 University of Murcia, Spain.
2 University of Almería, Spain.
3 Catholic University of Murcia, Spain.
INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION
Some studies have found that hamstring extensibility Significant increases in the active straight leg raise test
influences thoracic and pelvic postures when trunk flexion immediately after stretching protocol were found. This
movements are performed (1). These studies are cross-sec- change was associated to significant improvement in an-
tional and no acute intervention was carried out. An acute terior pelvic tilt and lumbar flexion as well as reduced tho-
change in hamstring extensibility may influence pelvic and racic kyphosis in the toe-touch test. However, the spinal
spinal postures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to angles and pelvic tilt in standing was not influenced by
determine the acute effect of hamstring stretching in spi- hamstring extensibility, because the hamstring muscles
nal curvatures and pelvic tilt in relaxed standing and trunk are under little passive tension (2). These findings are
flexion. important in sport activities that involve trunk flexion
movements with knees extended or slightly bent because a
METHODS reduction in thoracic kyphosis and improved anterior pel-
Thirty-six male adults (28.78 ± 7.13 years) were recruit- vic tilt after stretching can be achieved. This posture has
ed for this study. Sagittal thoracic and lumbar spinal curva- been associated to lower disc loads and spinal forces (3).
tures and pelvic tilt were measured in relaxed standing and For these reasons, hamstring stretching is recommended
during the toe-touch test using a Spinal Mouse. Hamstring prior to sport activities involving trunk flexion postures
muscle extensibility was determined in both legs by active with knees straight.
straight leg raise test. All measures were performed before
and immediately after a stretching protocol consisting of REFERENCES
four static exercises. The session consisted of 3 sets of each 1. López-Miñarro PA, Muyor JM, Alacid F, Rodríguez PL. (2011). Influence
of Sport Training on Sagittal Spinal Curvatures, pp 63-98. In: Wright
exercise holding the position for 20 seconds with a 30-sec-
AM and Rothenberg SP (Ed). Posture: Types, Assessment and Control.
ond rest between sets and exercises. Nova Publishers Pub Inc. New York.
2. Congdon R, Bohannon R, Tiberio D. Intrinsic and imposed hamstring
RESULTS length influence posterior pelvic rotation during hip flexion. Clin Bio-
mech 2005;20:947-51.
Active straight leg raise angle significantly improved im- 3. Keller TS, Colloca CJ, Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Janik TJ. Influence of
mediately after stretching protocol (p < 0.001). Greater an- spine morphology on intervertebral disc loads and stresses in asymp-
terior pelvic tilt (p < 0.001) and lumbar flexion (p < 0.05) tomatic adults: implications for the ideal spine. Spine J 2005; 5: 297-
300.
and a smaller thoracic kyphosis in the toe-touch test (p <
0.001) were found after stretching protocol. However, no
significant change on spinal curvatures or pelvic tilt was
found in relaxed standing.
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THE EFFECT OF WALKING WITH POLES ON GAIT-A KINEMATIC P
o
AND KINETIC PERSPECTIVE
s
Kodesh E.1, Mintz, I.1, Kizony, R.2,3 t
e
1 Dept. Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare & Health Sciences University of Haifa.
r
2 Dept. Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare & Health Sciences University of Haifa.
3 Dept. Occupational Therapy Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer.
INTRODUCTION RESULTS
Walking with poles (Nordic walking (NW)) is a popu- No differences were found between the experienced and
lar leisure activity and recently its use in rehabilitation naïve nordic walkers. Stride Velocity at self selected speed
has increased considerably. NW was reported to increase was higher for NW compared with RW (p<0.0001).This
metabolic and cardiovascular demands more than regular was accompanied by increased GRFs in heal strike and toe
walking (RW) and may be able to reduce loads on lower off phases and by decreased GRFs in flat foot phase during
limb joints. This study aimed to study the effect of NW NW (p<0.01). Waking at a faster speed increased the GRFs
versus RW on ground reaction forces (GRFs) at two walk- in heel strike and toe off phases while a reduction in GRFs
ing speeds and to compare these effects in experienced and was noticed in the flat foot phase in both NW (p<0.0001;
naïve Nordic walkers. p<0.041; p<0.004 respectively) and RW (p<0.0001). GRFs
at faster walking speed had lower forces (p=0.021) at flat
METHODS foot phase (Fast NW; 34.26±12.9, Fast RW; 36.85±11.39).
Twenty-six naïve walkers aged 26±2.1 years and 14 expe-
rienced Nordic walkers aged 57.2 ±10.4 participated. Naïve CONCLUSION
participants practiced for 15 minutes to become familiar Self selected walking speed was faster for NW and was
with the technical aspects of walking with poles and the accompanied by an increase in GRFs in heel strike and tow-
experienced walkers warmed-up for the same period of off phases and a decrease in GRFs in the foot flat phase.
time. Walking trials (along a 50m corridor) included self- However, at the faster gait speed, decreased GRFs in the
selected speed and a fast speed (20% faster than the self foot flat phase were found during NW as compared to RW.
selected cadence of RW controlled by a metronome), with This suggests that shifting weight toward the poles in the
and without poles. Walking trial order was random. GRFs flat foot phase reduces GRFs and may decrease loads on the
of the forefoot and hindfoot were continuously recorded plantar pressure distributions and help those with frail feet
with a mobile SmartStep device (Andante Medical Devices, maintain activity.
Inc, White Plains, New York). Gait parameters were record-
ed and analyzed using wireless sensors from the APDM’s
Mobility Lab™ (APDM Inc., Portland, OR, USA). Data was
analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA.
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r COMPARISON OF HAMSTRING EXTENSIBILITY BETWEEN LEGS
e
IN SYMMETRICAL AND ASYMMETRICAL SPORT DISCIPLINES
t
s
López-Miñarro, P.A.1, Muyor, J.M.2, Alacid, F.3, Vaquero-Cristóbal, R.3
o
P 1 University of Murcia, Spain.
2 University of Almería, Spain.
3 Catholic University of Murcia, Spain.
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION
Several studies have analyzed the influence of system- The principal finding was that forward leg extensibility
atic sport training in hamstring extensibility. When com- values were significantly higher than kneeling leg in both
paring extensibility values between both legs in symmetri- right-side and left-side canoeists whereas no significant
cal sports such as cycling and running most studies have differences were found between legs in symmetrical sport
found no significant differences (1, 2). However, asymmet- disciplines (kayaking and cycling). This fact may be related
rical movements during static or cyclic flexion postures to asymmetrical limb position and movement in the canoe.
could affect the hamstring extensibility. For this reason, Canoeists train in a kneeling position and the knee of the
the purpose of this study was to compare the hamstring forward leg is moderately flexed in the stroke phase while
extensibility between both legs in symmetrical and asym- the trunk and pelvis are moderately flexed. This position
metrical sport disciplines. only generates a slight stimulus of hamstring traction in
forward leg. In contrast, kayakers and cyclists develop bi-
METHODS lateral movement and performance symmetry. In this way,
A total of 116 male athletes (30 kayakers, 32 right-side similarities, between the limbs, in the flexibility of these
canoeists, 29 left-side canoeists and 25 cyclists) were re- athletes could be related to similar movements and pos-
cruited for this study. Hamstring muscle extensibility was tures in the lower limbs (1, 2). In conclusion, the asym-
determined in both legs by passive straight leg raise test metric posture and movement of canoeing generates dif-
with the ankle of the tested leg in plantar flexion. ferences in hamstring extensibility between legs.
RESULTS REFERENCES
There were significant differences (p<0.001) between 1. López-Miñarro PA, Alacid F, Muyor JM. Comparación del morfotipo
raquídeo y extensibilidad isquiosural entre piragüistas y corredores. Rev
the right and the left leg in both right-side and left-side
Int Med Cien Act Fis 2009;36:379-92.
canoeists. The forward leg values were significantly higher 2. Muyor JM, López-Miñarro PA, Alacid F. Influence of hamstring muscles
than those for the kneeling leg (mean difference: 8.43º). extensibility on spinal curvatures and pelvic tilt in highly trained cy-
clists. J Hum Kinet 2001;29:15-23.
No significant differences were found in kayakers and cy-
clists between legs (mean difference: 0.84º in kayakers and
0.54º in cyclists).
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SAGITTAL SPINAL CURVATURES AND PELVIC TILT IN RELAXED STANDING P
o
OF FEMALE DANCERS
s
Vaquero-Cristóbal, R.1, López-Miñarro, P.A.2, Alacid, F.1, Muyor, J.M.3, Martínez-Ruiz, E.1, Esparza-Ros, F.1 t
e
1 Catholic University of Murcia, Spain.
r
2 University of Murcia, Spain.
3 University of Almería, Spain.
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION
Dance is one of the most demanding physical activi- Significant decreases in the TK, LL and PT were detected
ties undertaken by young people during childhood and after an eight-month period of dance training in dancers
adolescence. Adolescence is a critical period of growth and with previous experience. These spinal curves have been
maturation. Spinal development is influenced by internal related to specific exercises with frequent spinal extension
processes of growth, maturation and external stimuli such and aligned trunk postures as commonly seen in dance
as normal activities of daily living and sports activities (1). (2,3). Previous cross-sectional studies (3, 4) have found
Repetitive extension movements are common in dance. that dancers showed a less TK and LL in the neutral stand-
This discipline involves larger spinal movements and ing position than sedentary age-matched females. Moller
aligned torso postures. The specific and repetitive move- and Masharawi (2) compared spinal curvatures in fourteen
ments and postures in dance may affect the sagittal spinal female pupils (aged 6-9) after six months of ballet train-
curvatures (2). For this reason, the purpose of this study ing (bi-weekly, 90 minutes of basic level). They found a sig-
was to determine the evolution of spinal posture and pelvic nificant decrease in the LL and a significant decrease in TK
tilt in relaxed standing in young female dancers. after the six months. In conclusion, our study found that
dance training is associated to a decrease in the sagittal
METHODS thoracic and lumbar curvatures and pelvic tilt.
Forty-eight young female dancers (12.91 ± 2.06 year-old)
were recruited for this study. All participants were in 4th of REFERENCES
5th year in the Dance Conservatory on the academic year 1. Wood K. Spinal deformity in the adolescent athlete. Clinical Journal of
SportMedicine. 2002;21:77-92.
2012/2013. Thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL)
2. Moller A, Masharawi Y. The effect of first ballet classes in the commu-
and pelvic tilt (PT) were measured in relaxed standing us- nity on various postural parametersin young girls. Physical Therapy in
ing a Spinal Mouse® in February 2013 and October 2013. Sport. 2011;12:188-193.
3. Nilsson C, Wykman A, Leanderson J. Spinal sagittal mobility and joint
laxity in young ballet dancers. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Ar-
RESULTS
throscopy. 1993;1(3):206-208.
TK, LL and PT values in the first measurement were 4. Gómez-Lozano S, Vargas-Macías A, Santonja F, Canteras M. Estudio de-
20.56±11.34º, 27.27±6.71º and 21.61±4.45º, respec- scriptivo del morfotipo raquídeo sagital en bailarinas de flamenco. Re-
vista del Centro de Investigación Flamenco Telethusa. 2013;6(7):19-28.
tively. In the second measurement the values were
16.59±9.88º, 23.15±10.86º and 16.22±7.21º, respectively.
Significant changes were found between both measures
in TK (t=2.279; p=0.028), LL (t=-2.971; p=0.005) and PT
(t=5.171; p<0.001).
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r HAMSTRING EXTENSIBILITY OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES FEMALE DANCERS
e
t Vaquero-Cristóbal, R.1, López-Miñarro, P.A.2, Alacid, F.1, Muyor, J.M.3, Martínez-Ruiz, E.1, Esparza-Ros, F.1
s 1 Catholic University of Murcia, Spain.
o
2 University of Murcia, Spain.
P
3 University of Almería, Spain.
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION between both legs for each dancer the differences between
The specific postures and movements of the sport could the values were 7.20±6.25º. One-hundred twenty-five
influence hamstring muscle extensibility of athletes. A few dancers showed normal hamstring extensibility values in
studies have evaluated hamstring muscle extensibility in both legs (99.21%). Only one dancer had a reduced ham-
athletes, because it is an important factor in sports train- string extensibility grade I in both legs (0.79%).
ing (1). Dance requires significant control of trunk posture
and flexibility, with specific exercises performed for the DISCUSSION
improvement of body image and posture with frequent hip The principal finding was that right and left leg exten-
flexion with knee extended. For this reason, the purpose sibility values were high. Previous studies have found that
of this study was to determine the degree of hamstring dancers have wide ranges of hamstring extensibility than
muscle extensibility in female dancers. sedentary subjects (3). Dance improves hamstring muscle
extensibility because dancers performed specific hamstring
METHODS stretching exercises and frequent hip flexion with knee ex-
One-hundred twenty-six female dancers (15.81±3.44 tended. An important finding was that no significant dif-
year-old) were recruited for this study. All participants ferences were found between both legs when mean values
were in Professional Studies (5th to 10th year) in the Dance are considered. However, when the mean differences be-
Conservatory. Hamstring muscle extensibility was deter- tween legs were individually analyzed, the results showed a
mined in both legs by passive straight leg raise test (PSLR). moderate discrepancy between legs. More research on this
To classify the hamstring extensibility, the references pro- topic is needed. In conclusion, dancers showed high ham-
posed by Ferrer (2) were used (normal hamstring exten- string extensibility values on both legs.
sibility, PSLR ≥ 75º; reduced extensibility grade I, PSLR
between 61º and 74º; reduced extensibility grade II, PSLR REFERENCES
≤ 60º). 1. López-Miñarro PA, Muyor JM, Alacid F, Rodríguez PL. Influence of
Sport Training on Sagittal Spinal Curvatures. In: Wright AM, Rothen-
berg SP, editors. Posture: Types, Assessment and Control. New York:
RESULTS
Nova Publishers Pub Inc; 2011. p 63-98.
Mean (± SD) PSLR angles were 115.87±16.20º and 2. Ferrer V. Repercusiones de la cortedad isquiosural sobre la pelvis y el
raquis lumbar. PhD Thesis. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia. 1998.
115.94±16.68º, for right and left legs, respectively. No
3. Gómez-Lozano S, Santonja F, Canteras M, Tejedor R. Estudio descripti-
significant differences between legs were found (t=0.083; vo de la movilidad pélvica en bailarinas de flamenco. Revista del Centro
p=0.934). However, when mean differences were calculated de Investigación Flamenco Telethusa. 2012;5(5):31-39.
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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WARM-UP INTENSITIES ON SWIMMING STARTS PERFORMANCES P
o
Marinho, D.A.1, 2, Marques, M.C.1,2, Louro, H.2,3, Conceição, A.T.2,3, Espada, M.A.4,5, Neiva, H. P.1,2
s
1 Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior.Covilhã, Portugal. t
2 Centre for Research in Sport, Health and Human Development. Portugal. e
3 Sport SciencesSchoolof Rio Maior, Rio Maior, Portugal. r
4 Polytechnic InstituteofSetúbal. Setúbal, Portugal.
5 CIPER Research Centre. Lisboa, Portugal.
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION 6.66±0.34s, p=0.32, respectively). Also, no differences were
The warm-up is used to optimize the swimming perfor- found during the block phase (0.59±0.05s and 0.58±0.04s,
mance (1) and coaches/researchers need to be aware of its p=0.45) and the entry velocity in the water (9.29±1.73m/s
relevance. As a component part of a swimming event, the and 9.62±1.59m/s, p=0.21, respectively). However, me-
start has been reported to be critical for overall perfor- dium effect size values were verified in the entry velocity
mance. Therefore, it is essential to understand the effects (ES=0.49), in the time to 5m (ES=0.67) and in the time to
of warm-up on swimming start performance, being both 15m (ES=0.41).
determinants in competitive swimming.
DISCUSSION
METHODS The two different stimuliused in this study produced
Eight male swimmers (17.63±1.3yrs) of national similar dive start performances. The mechanisms behind
level participated in this study. On separate days, each the different warm-ups protocols could be different; how-
swimmer performed a swim start to 15m under 50m ever, both influenced the swimmers in the same way. Simi-
freestyle, which was precededby two different warm-ups, lar results in start times were found between a previous
in a randomized order. The warm-ups totaled 1200m post activation potentiation and the usual warm-up (2).
and included some of the habitual procedures, differing Considering the effect size values, in the present study the
in the main set. The warm-up focused in the velocity swimmers entered in the water with higher velocities after
stimulation (VWU) comprised 4x50m (divided in 25m AWU, being faster at the 5m and inverting this difference
maximum and 25m easy swim). The warm-up focused on in the 15m. We should be aware that the velocity stimulus
aerobic power (AWU) comprised8x50m at 80% ofmaximal could have not been enough to potentiate effectively the
velocity. The kinematical analysis of the start included performance.
the block, flight, entry, 5m and 15m phases. One camera The results provide the basis for further investigation of
(50Hz) videotaped the takeoff, the flight and the entry the effectiveness of different warm-up strategies for en-
phases and other camera (50Hz) videotaped the 15m mark hancing starting actions.
zone. Complementarily, the time to 5m and 15m were
determined with a chronometer. To comparedata obtained REFERENCES
in the two trials, Student paired t tests wereused. 1. Neiva HP, Marques MC, Barbosa TM, Izquierdo M, Marinho DA. Warm-
Up andPerformance in Competitive Swimming. Sports Medicine. 2013
(in press).
RESULTS
2. Kilduff LP, Cunningham DJ, Owen NJ, West DJ, Bracken RM, Cook CJ.
There were no differences in swim starts between VWU
Effect ofpostactivation potentiation on swimming starts in internation-
and AWU, with regard to time to 5m (1.37±0.13s and al sprint swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.
1.33±0.08s, p=0.10) and time to 15m (6.59±0.35s and 2011; 25(9):2418-23.
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r CONDITIONING PRIORITIES BASED ON CRICKET BATTING SHOT FREQUENCY
e
FROM THE 2013 ICC CHAMPIONS TROPHY
t
s
Petersen, C., Genet, R.
o
P University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION most commonly face 49.9 ± 0.6 good length deliveries
Cricket is a game of reaction, batsmen must react by hit- followed by 22.9 ± 0.8 full length deliveries and 19.5
ting the ball the bowler delivers. While batsmen have numer- ± 0.6 short deliveries. Batsmen will least frequently
ous ways of hitting the ball (batting shots); shot selection face bouncer (4.1 ± 0.5), full-toss (1.9 ± 0.3) and yorker
is largely dictated by both the width (line) and length (clas- (1.8 ±0.1) deliveries. Furthermore, we found the most
sified by the first bounce distance from the batsman) that prevalent shot hitting good length and full deliveries
the bowler delivers. In limited overs cricket, batting power was the front foot drive (52%), whereas the cross bat
is important to maximise scoring; yet while upper body hookshot(81%) was the most prevalent shot employed to
strength has been positively correlated with maximal hit- hitbouncer length deliveries.
ting distance, it has not been correlated with greater batting
average or strike rate (1). It could be that upper body power DISCUSSION
is less important for the more frequently played shot types The main contribution of this paper is that strength and
employed in limited overs cricket. Each particular shot type conditioning professionals should use cricket performance
employs a specific set of muscles, therefore it is important analysis data, combined with biomechanical research to
to quantify the frequency that a batsman will play particular prioritise batting strength programmes with a particular
shots to prioritise strength and conditioning activities. focus on the strengthening of musculature, grip force (2)
and movement patterns (3) associated with the front foot
METHODS drive shot.
We analysed the performance analysis data of delivered
balls (7149) from 12 matches at the 2013 ICC Champions
Trophy Tournament (competition for the world’s top 8 na- REFERENCES
tions) to determine the shot type frequency distribution 1. Taliep MS, Prim SK, Gray J. Upper body muscle strength and batting
performance in cricket batsmen. Journal of Strength and Conditioning
of specific bowling delivery classifications. Each bowling
Research. 2010; 24(12): 3484-3487.
delivery was assigned a pitch position from a matrix of 18 2. Stretch R, Buys F, Du Toit E, Viljoen G. Kinematics and kinetics of the
possible line and length combinations. drive off the front foot in cricket batting. Journal of Sports Sciences.
1998; 16(8): 711-720.
3. Stuelcken M, Portus M, Mason B. Off-side front foot drives in men’s high
RESULTS performance cricket. Sports Biomechanics. 2005; 4(1): 17-35.
Our results demonstrate, batsman (combined left and
right handed batting data) facing 100 deliveries; will
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN ISOKINETIC TEST AND TWO FIELD TESTS P
o
TO ASSESS TRUNK MUSCLE FITNESS
s
López-Plaza, D., Juan-Recio, C., Barbado, D., López-Valenciano, A., Ruiz-Pérez, I., Vera-García F.J. t
e
Sport Research Center, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
r
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION cross curl-ups) possible in 90 s. In the BST participants held
Due to the important role of trunk muscles in athletic their upper body suspended against gravity in a horizontal-
function and injury prevention, different protocols have prone position until exhaustion, recording the test dura-
been developed to evaluate trunk muscle strength and tion. Pearson and Sperman correlation coefficients were
endurance in clinical, fitness and sports settings. The aim used to analyse the relationship between all variables. Each
of this study was to analyze the relationship between an test was performed twice and the ICC was calculated to as-
isokinetic test and two field tests to assess trunk muscle sess the reliability of the measures.
fitness.
RESULTS
METHODS All variables showed a good reliability with ICCs> 0.70.
27 recreational male athletes participated in this study No significant correlations were found between variables,
(age: 24.1 ±2.9 years; mass: 74.9±9.4 kg; height: 176.3±5.6 although the FRT score showed a nearly significant cor-
cm). To measure trunk flexor and extensor muscle strength relation with relative peak torque (r=0.369; p=0.076) and
and endurance, participants performed an isokinetic test relative maximum work (r=0.351; p=0.093) during the iso-
in a dynamometer (BiodexÒ). This protocol consisted kinetic flexion exertions.
of 4 trials of 15 maximal flexion-extension exertions at
120º/s (ROM = 50º). Absolute and relative peak torque and DISCUSSION
maximum work were calculated to assess trunk muscular The lack of relationship between the field test scores and
strength; and the final fatigue ratio and endurance ratio the isokinetic test variables may be due to differences in
were calculated to assess trunk muscular endurance (Mayer the mechanical, metabolic and psychological demands of
et al., 1995). A month later, two field tests were performed each test. Sport specific tests seem to be necessary to char-
to assess trunk muscle endurance, i.e., the flexion-rotation acterize the athletes’ trunk muscle fitness properly.
trunk test (FRT) to measure abdominal dynamic endurance
(Brotons et al., 2013) and the Biering-Sorensen test (BST) REFERENCES
to assess isometric back endurance (Biering-Sorensen, Biering-Sørensen F. Spine 1984;9:106-19.
Brotons-Gil E, García-Vaquero MP, Peco-González N., Vera-Garcia FJ. J
1984). During the FRT, participants performed the maxi-
Strength Cond Res 2013;27:1602-8.
mum number of upper trunk flexions with rotation (i.e., Mayer T, Gatchel R, Betancur J, Bovasso E. Spine. 1995;20:920-7.
CCD 25 - SUPLEMENTO I AÑO 10 I VOLUMEN 9 I MURCIA 2014 I ISSN: 1696-5043
NSCA IV INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2014
CCD
HUMAN PERFORMANCE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING
S112
r THE EFFECTS OF 16-WEEKS MAT PILATES PROGRAM ON HAMSTRING
e
EXTENSIBILITY IN ACTIVE WOMEN
t
s
Vaquero-Cristóbal, R.1, Alacid, F.1, Esparza-Ros, F.1, Muyor, J.M.2, López-Miñarro, P.A.3
o
P 1 Catholic University of Murcia, Spain.
2 University of Almería, Spain.
3 University of Murcia, Spain.
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION between both measures in the right leg (t=-2.365; p=0.028)
Pilates method offers a “core” workout in which fitness and the left leg (t=-2.613; p=0.017). Not significant differ-
components like muscular strength and endurance, flexi- ences between right and left legs were found in the pre-test
bility, balance and cardiorespiratory endurance are trained, (t=0.344; p=0.734) and in the post-test (t=0.163; p=0.872).
with the goal of building a strong body under the philoso-
phy of mind-over-body control (1). The exercises are typi- DISCUSSION
cally performed for strengthening the abdominal muscles, Significant increases in the right and left PSLR angle
hips, and back (2). Pilates also involves stretching exercises were detected after 16-weeks of mat Pilates program in
for improving hamstring extensibility because it is an im- women with previous experience. Previous studies have
portant component of physical fitness and spinal health. found improved hamstring extensibility after a Pilates pro-
For this reason, the purpose of this study was to determine gram (3). Greater hamstring extensibility has been related
the effects of Pilates exercise on hamstring extensibility in to better spinal and pelvic postures during lifting tasks and
active women. trunk bending postures. Greater hamstring extensibility is
associated to greater anterior pelvic tilt and lower spinal
METHODS flexion in trunk bending tasks. This posture has been as-
Twenty-one women with a previous Pilates experience sociated to lower spinal forces (4). In conclusion, mat Pi-
between 1 and 2 years (age: 42.95 ± 6.84 year-old; mat Pi- lates training is associated to a significant improvement on
lates practice experience: 1.71 ± 0.80 years) participated in hamstring extensibility in adult women.
this study. Women participated in a mat Pilates program
during 16 weeks (one hour, twice a week). Hamstring mus- REFERENCES
cle extensibility was determined in both legs by passive 1. Aladro-Gonzalvo AR, Machado-Díaz M, Moncada-Jiménez J, Hernán-
dez-Elizondo J, Araya-Vargas M.. The effect of Pilates exercises on body
straight leg raise test (PSLR) prior and after the program.
composition: A systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2012;16:109-14.
2. Thompson, W. R. Worldwide Survey Reveals Fitness Trend for 2010. Ac-
RESULTS sms Health Fit J. 2010;13(6):9-16.
3. Kloubec JA. Pilates for improvement of muscle endurance, flexibility
Mean (± SD) right PSLR angle was 98.62±13.10º and
balance, and posture. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(3):661-7.
104.05±14.08º in the pre- and the post-test, respec- 4. Muyor JM, Alacid F, Rodríguez-García PL, López-Miñarro PA. Influen-
tively. For the left leg, the value was 97.81±13.97º and cia de la extensibilidad isquiosural en la morfología sagital del raquis e
103.81±14.90º, respectively. Significant changes were found inclinación pélvica en deportistas. Int J Morph. 2012;30(1):176-81.
CCD 25 - SUPLEMENTO I AÑO 10 I VOLUMEN 9 I MURCIA 2014 I ISSN: 1696-5043