Table Of ContentOXIDATIVE STRESS –
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS
AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Edited by Volodymyr Lushchak
and Halyna M. Semchyshyn
Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects
Edited by Volodymyr Lushchak and Halyna M. Semchyshyn
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published April, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Oxidative Stress – Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects,
Edited by Volodymyr Lushchak and Halyna M. Semchyshyn
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0554-1
Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Introductory Chapter 3
Volodymyr I. Lushchak and Halyna M. Semchyshyn
Section 2 General Aspects of Oxidative Stress 13
Chapter 2 Interplay Between Oxidative and Carbonyl
Stresses: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological
Effects and Therapeutic Strategies of Protection 15
Halyna M. Semchyshyn and Volodymyr I. Lushchak
Chapter 3 Oxidative and Nitrosative
Stresses: Their Role in Health
and Disease in Man and Birds 47
Hillar Klandorf and Knox Van Dyke
Chapter 4 Nitric Oxide Synthase
and Oxidative Stress:
Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase 61
Ehab M. M. Ali, Soha M. Hamdy and Tarek M. Mohamed
Chapter 5 Iron, Oxidative Stress and Health 73
Shobha Udipi, Padmini Ghugre and Chanda Gokhale
Chapter 6 Heme Proteins, Heme
Oxygenase-1 and Oxidative Stress 109
Hiroshi Morimatsu, Toru Takahashi, Hiroko Shimizu,
Junya Matsumi, Junko Kosaka and Kiyoshi Morita
Chapter 7 Assessment of the General Oxidant Status
of Individuals in Non-Invasive Samples 125
Sandro Argüelles, Mercedes Cano, Mario F. Muñoz-Pinto,
Rafael Ayala, Afrah Ismaiel and Antonio Ayala
VI Contents
Chapter 8 Hydrogen: From a Biologically
Inert Gas to a Unique Antioxidant 135
Shulin Liu, Xuejun Sun and Hengyi Tao
Chapter 9 Paraoxonase: A New Biochemical
Marker of Oxidant-Antioxidant
Status in Atherosclerosis 145
Tünay Kontaş Aşkar and Olga Büyükleblebici
Section 3 Cellular and Molecular Targets 155
Chapter 10 Renal Redox Balance and Na+, K+-ATPase
Regulation: Role in Physiology and Pathophysiology 157
Elisabete Silva and Patrício Soares-da-Silva
Chapter 11 Effects of Oxidative Stress and Antenatal
Corticosteroids on the Pulmonary Expression of Vascular
Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Alveolarization 173
Ana Remesal, Laura San Feliciano and Dolores Ludeña
Chapter 12 Protection of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells from
Oxidative Stress by Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases 197
Larry F. Lemanski, Chi Zhang, Andrei Kochegarov,
Ashley Moses, William Lian, Jessica Meyer, Pingping Jia,
Yuanyuan Jia, Yuejin Li, Keith A. Webster,
Xupei Huang, Michael Hanna, Mohan P. Achary,
Sharon L. Lemanski and Herbert Weissbach
Chapter 13 Structural and Activity Changes in Renal Betaine
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Caused by Oxidants 231
Jesús A. Rosas-Rodríguez, Hilda F. Flores-Mendoza,
Ciria G. Figueroa-Soto, Edgar F. Morán-Palacio
and Elisa M. Valenzuela-Soto
Section 4 Reactive Species as Signaling Molecules 253
Chapter 14 Signalling Oxidative Stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 255
Maria Angeles de la Torre-Ruiz, Luis Serrano,
Mima I. Petkova and Nuria Pujol-Carrion
Chapter 15 Role of the Yap Family in the Transcriptional
Response to Oxidative Stress in Yeasts 277
Christel Goudot, Frédéric Devaux and Gaëlle Lelandais
Chapter 16 The Yeast Genes ROX1, IXR1, SKY1 and Their Effect
upon Enzymatic Activities Related to Oxidative Stress 297
Ana García Leiro, Silvia Rodríguez Lombardero,
Ángel Vizoso Vázquez, M. Isabel González Siso
and M. Esperanza Cerdán
Contents VII
Chapter 17 Complex Regulatory Interplay Between Multidrug
Resistance and Oxidative Stress Response in Yeast: The FLR1
Regulatory Network as a Systems Biology Case-Study 323
Miguel C. Teixeira
Chapter 18 ROS as Signaling Molecules and Enzymes of Plant
Response to Unfavorable Environmental Conditions 341
Dominika Boguszewska and Barbara Zagdańska
Preface
This book contains some of the scientific contributions that resulted from the research
activities undertaken mainly over the last 25 years, in the field of oxidative stress.
Being first denoted by Helmut Sies (1985), the oxidative stress concept immediately
attracted the attention of researchers in both, basic and applied fields. To a large
extent, the formulation of oxidative stress concept resulted from more than three
decades of investigations of homeostasis of free radicals in biological systems. It is
necessary to underline that, once discovered in biological systems, free radicals were
proposed to be related to diverse diseases and aging (Harman, 1956; 1985). Due to that,
many efforts were applied to decipher the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in
diverse biological processes (Halliwell & Gutteridge, 1999). The history of our
understanding of ROS-related processes is very interesting. They were at first
recognized as clearly damaging side-products of cellular metabolism changing normal
physiological processes. It later became clear that they may be produced by specific
systems in a highly controlled manner and used to defend organisms against diverse
pathogens. Finally, their signaling role was disclosed at the beginning of 1990, initially
in coordination of response to oxidative stress, and further involved in hormone
effects in plants and animals (Semchyshyn, 2009; Lushchak, 2011a, b ).
On December 16, 2011, Google Scholar search for “oxidative stress” yielded about
1,430,000 publication hits, whereas in Scopus and Pubmed databases it yielded 135,381
and 94,195 hits, respectively. When the publishing project presented here was
initiated, we suggested to publish one book on Oxidative Stress, but after the project
was started we received over 90 propositions and decided to divide the materials into
three volumes. Due to the diverse fields presented, it was very difficult to group the
chapters in many cases, because the problem of free radicals is very complex. The
above reflects enormous interest and intensive research in this field that prompted us
to develop this book idea. In addition to interest in basic science, there is also a
growing interest in medicine, agriculture and biotechnology. A great number of
diseases include oxidative stress as a component, either causing pathologies or
accompanying them. Global climate changes also provide additional stress for living
organisms affecting them via temperature increase and fluctuations, along with
environmental pollution due to human activity.
As stated before, the book contains a collection of diverse scientific areas related to
oxidative stress, ranging from purely theoretical works to biomedical or even
X Preface
environmental. This demonstrates a wide spectrum of interests within the area of ROS
research.
The book starts with the Introduction section (V. I. Lushchak & H. M. Semchyshyn)
that covers general aspects of oxidative stress theory starting from discovery of free
radicals in biological systems, their appreciation as damaging ones, through discovery
of superoxide dismutase by McCord and Fridovich (1969), to recognizing of their
defensive and signaling roles.
The book is divided into three sections. The first section, entitled “General aspects of
oxidative stress” provides readers with some common aspects of oxidative stress
theory. In this section, H. M. Semchyshyn and V. I. Lushchak describe the relationship
between oxidative and carbonyl stresses, taking place at enhanced levels of either
reactive oxygen or carbonyl species, with a focus on molecular mechanisms, biological
effects and therapeutic strategies of protection. Similarly to previous chapter, H.
Klandorf and K. Van Dyke describe the interplay, but in this case between oxidative
and nitrosative stresses with some general attention to diseases in humans and birds.
The next chapter, authored by E. M. M. Ali and colleagues is logically connected to the
previous one, going deeper into the role and involvement of nitric oxide in oxidative
stress development with the special attention to regulation of nitric oxide synthase. In
the next chapter, S. Udipi and coauthors provide information on the relationship
between oxidative stress and iron metabolism, the involvement of iron ions in
generation and metabolism of free radicals and their potential roles in diverse
pathologies. The Japanese team led by H. Morimatsu provides the most up-to-date
knowledge on operation of heme proteins, heme oxygenase and roles of products of
heme degradation in the induction of oxidative stress and the defence against it;
interesting potential use of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) for non-invasive evaluation
of heme degradation under normal and pathological conditions is also presented. The
fundamental question on types and dynamics of oxidative stress biomarkers in non-
invasive samples and involvement of oxidative stress in diseases and aging is covered
by S. Argüelles and colleagues. The complicated way of our understanding of
hydrogen roles in biological systems – from inert gas to unique antioxidant with
potential therapeutic use is described by S. Liu et al. The relatively unknown enzyme
paraoxonase as a new biochemical marker of prooxidant-antioxidant status in
atherosclerosis is described by T. Kontaş Aşkar and O. Büyükleblebici.
The second section of the book, entitled “Cellular and Molecular Targets” is devoted
to specific systems and enzymes, which are affected under oxidative stress and
possible ways of its induction. The overview written by E. Silva and P. Soares-da-Silva
describes in details the structure and operation of renal Na+,K+-ATPase and its direct
or non-direct regulation particularly by ROS under normal conditions and pathology.
The pulmonary expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and
alveolarization under oxidative stress and effects of antenatal corticosteroids are
covered by A. Remesal and colleagues. The role of methionine sulfoxide reductases in
protection of mouse embryonic stem cells against oxidative stress is highlighted by L.
F. Lemanski et al. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyzing the oxidation of betaine
