Table Of ContentORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Pathways & Effects
Environmental Management Series
Edited by
J. CAIRNS JNR A.M. HARRISON
University Center for Institute of Public and
Environmental and Hazardous Environmental Health, School of
Materials Studies, Virginia Biological Sciences, University of
Polytechnic Institute and State Birmingham, Edgbaston,
University, Blacksburg, Virginia Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
24061-0415, USA
Titles published in the Environmental Management Series
Instrumental Analysis of Pollutants
C. N. HEWITT
Pollution of the Arctic Atmosphere
W. J. STURGES
Organic Contaminants in the Environment
K. C. JONES
Titles published in the Pollution Monitoring Series
Quantitative Aquatic Biological Indicators
D. J. H. PHILLIPS
Biomonitoring Air Pollutants with Plants
W. J. MANNING and W. A. FEDER
Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Plants 1 & 2
N. W. LEPP
Biological Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution
M. H. MARTIN and P. J. COUGHTREY
Biological Indicators of Freshwater Pollution and Environmental Management
J. M. HELLAWELL
Pollution Threat of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments
G. MANCE
Ecophysiology of Metals in Terrestrial Invertebrates
S. P. HOPKIN
Ecology Effects of Thermal Discharges
T. E. L. LANGFORD
ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN
THE ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Pathways &
Effects
Edited by
K. C. JONES
Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
Lancaster University,
Lancaster, UK
ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE
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WITH 30 TABLES AND 70 ILLUSTRATIONS
© 1991 ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD
© Shell Research Ltd. Chapter 10
Solkover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1991
British library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Organic contaminants in the environment: environmental pathways and effects.
(Environmental management series)
1. Water. Pollution
I. Jones, K. C.
363.7394
ISBN-I3: 978-94-010-8424-6 e-ISBN-I3: 978-94-009-4329-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-4329-2
library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Organic contaminants in the environment: environmental pathways & effects 1 edited by
K.C. Jones.
p. cm.--(Environmental management series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Organic compounds--Environmental aspects. I. Jones, K.C.
II. Series.
TD196.073071991 91-13049
628.5'2--dc20 CIP
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Foreword
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SERIES
The current expansion of both public and scientific interest in environ
mental issues has not been accompanied by a commensurate production
of adequate books, and those which are available are widely variable in
approach and depth.
The Environmental Management Series has been established with a
view to co-ordinating a series of volumes dealing with each topic within
the field in some depth. It is hoped that this Series will provide a uniform
and quality coverage and that, over a period of years, it will build up to
form a library of reference books covering most of the major topics within
this diverse field. It is envisaged that the books will be of single, or dual,
authorship, or edited volumes as appropriate for respective topics.
The level of presentation will be advanced, the books being aimed
primarily at a research/consultancy readership. The coverage will include
all aspects of environmental science and engineering pertinent to man
agement and monitoring of the natural and man-modified environment,
as well as topics dealing with the political, economic, legal and social con
siderations pertaining to environmental management.
J. CAIRNS and R.M. HARRISON
v
Preface
The behaviour and effects of chemicals in our environment is a fascinating
subject for scientific investigation. Furthermore, an understanding of
these processes is of fundamental importance in our modern world, and
should enable us to understand and limit the adverse effects of pollutants.
Much has been achieved in the area of environmental analytical chem
istry over the last two decades, and this has resulted in significant ad
vances in our ability to monitor the behaviour of trace organic substances
released into the environment. As a result, progress is now being made
towards modelling and prediction of chemical behaviour in the environ
ment. However, the tremendous complexity at the interface between
chemical behaviour and effects on living systems still requires consider
able study. Ecotoxicology (the study of the effects of chemicals 'in the real
world') continually reveals the subtle ways in which chemicals may impair
species and biologically mediated processes, and clearly these responses
are not readily predicted.
This book presents a number of contemporary examples of applied
environmental chemistry investigations. We look at the behaviour of
organic chemicals in different media-air, water, soil and biota, and con
sider the factors which are important in determining exchanges between
these compartments with a view to prediction and modelling. We
examine the important role played by micro-organisms in determining
chemical fate and persistence, and consider some examples of complex
effects on biological systems, before concluding with some thoughts on
lessons to be learnt for the future. The intention throughout has been to
present examples of processes which may be important for a wide range
of trace organics. However, organochlorine pesticides have been the
most studied group of compounds and continue to give cause for concern.
vii
viii
They therefore receive rather more attention than others.
I am extremely grateful to all the authors who have contributed. Many
of these internationally renowned scientists have very hectic schedules,
but have spent much time and effort in preparing their material for
publication.
K. C. JONES
Lancaster, England
February 1991
Contents
Foreword..... ............................ .......... v
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chapter 1 Chlorinated Organic Contaminants in the
Atmosphere .............................. .
L. J. STANDLEY and R. A. HITES
Chapter 2 Processing of Organic Contaminants in Lakes .. 33
D. L. SWACKHAMER and S. J. EISEN REICH
Chapter 3 Organic Contaminants in Soils and Groundwaters
87
P. H. NICHOLLS
Chapter 4 Organic Contaminants in Wastewaters and
Sewage Sludges: Transfer to the Environment
Following Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133
S. R. WILD and K. C. JONES
Chapter 5 Predicting the Environmental Partitioning of
Organic Contaminants and their Transfer to Biota
159
D. MACKAY and K. E. CLARK
Chapter 6 Plant Uptake of Organic Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . .. 189
R. M. BELL and R. A. FAILEY
ix
x CONTENTS
Chapter 7 Organic Contaminants in Terrestrial Food Chains
.......................................... 207
G. F. FRIES
Chapter 8 Organic Contaminants and Microorganisms .... 237
M. T. BALBA and R. J. F. BEWLEY
Chapter 9 Persistent Organochlorines in Marine Mammals . 275
S. TANABE and R. TATSUKAWA
Chapter 10 The Role of Ecotoxicology in Determining the
Environmental Effects of Organic Chemicals .. 291
D. BENNETT and A. E. GIRLING
Index ............................................... 329
List of Contributors
M. T. BALSA
BioTreatment Ltd, 5 Chi/tern Close, Cardiff, CF45DL, UK
Present address: Occidental Chemical Corporation, Technology
Centre, 2801 Long Road, Grand Island, New York 14072, USA
R. M. BELL
Environmental Advisory Unit, Liverpool University, Liverpool, L3
5TF, UK
D. BENNETI
Shell Research Ltd, Sittingbourne Research Centre, Sittingbourne,
Kent, ME98AG, UK
R. J. F. BEWLEY
Bio Treatment Ltd, 5 Chiltern Close, Cardiff, CF4 5 D L, UK
Present address: Dames and Moore International, Blackfriars House, St
Mary's Parsonage, Manchester, M32JA, UK
K. E. CLARK
Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada, M5S I A4
s. J. EISENREICH
Gray Freshwater Biological Institute, Navare, Minnesota, SS392, USA
R. A. FAILEY
Environmental Advisory Unit, Liverpool University, Liverpool, L3
5TF, UK
G. F. FRIES
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agricul
ture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
xi
