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The potential health hazards that might arise from the presence
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of organic substances in water are a matter of increasing o
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concern to the water industry, environmentalists and the
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general public alike. This comprehensive reference draws
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together and systematises the vast body of information available u
n Organic Compounds in
on the occurrence and determination of organic substances in d
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natural waters. Organic Compounds in Natural Waters provides
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a comprehensive description of organic substances in waters.
Natural Waters
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Methods are provided in broad outline, with guidance on their
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applicability, their comparative advantages and disadvantages, t
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possible interferences, sensitivity and detection levels. The r
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book is an essential reference for analytical chemists working l
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in industry, water utilities, government, non government
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organisations and regulatory agencies and environmental/ t
e Analysis and Determination
analytical consultants. r
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T. Roy Crompton
an informa business
Organic Compounds in Natural Waters
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Organic Compounds in
Natural Waters
Analysis and Determination
T. Roy Crompton
Retired,UK RiversAuthority,UK
CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2014Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,UK
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
PrintedandBoundbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationortheinformationcontained
hereinmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany
formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,byphotocopying,recordingor
otherwise,withoutwrittenpriorpermissionfromthepublishers.
Althoughallcareistakentoensureintegrityandthequalityofthispublication
andtheinformationherein,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublishersnor
theauthorforanydamagetothepropertyorpersonsasaresultofoperation
oruseofthispublicationand/ortheinformationcontainedherein.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Crompton,T.R.(ThomasRoy)
Organiccompoundsinnaturalwaters:analysisanddetermination/T.RoyCrompton.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-415-64428-0(hardback)—ISBN978-1-315-86300-9(ebook)
1. Organiccompounds—Environmentalaspects. 2.Water—Pollution.
3. Organiccompounds—Analysis. 4. Salinewaters—Analysis. 5. Freshwater—Analysis.
6.Water—Pollution—Measurement. 7.Waterchemistry. I. Title.
TD427.O7C76 2014
628.1’68—dc23
2013026142
Publishedby: CRCPress/Balkema
P.O.Box11320,2301EH,Leiden,TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN:978-0-415-64428-0(Hbk)
ISBN:978-1-315-86300-9(eBook PDF)
Table of contents
Preface ix
1 Hydrocarbonsinnon-salinewaters 1
1.1 Aliphatichydrocarbons 1
1.2 Aromatichydrocarbons 16
1.3 Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons 20
References 27
2 Oxygencontainingcompoundsinnon-salinewaters 35
2.1 Carboxylicacids 35
2.2 Phenols 41
2.3 Phenolicacids 50
2.4 Methyltertbutylether 50
2.5 Alcohols 51
2.6 Glycols 52
2.7 Dioxans 52
2.8 Esters 53
2.9 Aldehydes 55
2.10 Gaschromatography 57
2.11 Carbohydrates 57
References 58
3 Halogencontainingcompoundsinnon-salinewaters 65
3.1 Saturatedaliphaticchlorocompounds 65
3.2 Unsaturatedchloroaliphaticcompounds 73
3.3 Haloforms 74
3.4 Chloroaromaticcompounds 79
3.5 Halocarboxylicacids 80
3.6 Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxinsandpolychlorodibenzofurans 81
3.7 Chlorophenols 82
3.8 Polychlorobiphenyls 86
3.9 Polychloroterphenyls 91
3.10 Miscellaneous 91
vi Table of contents
3.11 Brominecontainingcompounds 91
References 92
4 Nitrogencompoundsinnon-salinewaters 101
4.1 Aliphaticamines 101
4.2 Aromaticamines 102
4.3 Aminoacids 103
4.4 Amides 103
4.5 Nitrophenols 104
4.6 Trinitrotoluene 105
4.7 Chloroaromaticamino 105
4.8 Hydrazines 105
4.9 Nitriles 105
4.10 Nitrosamines 106
4.11 Nucleicacids 106
4.12 Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid 107
4.13 Nitriloaceticacid 107
4.14 Miscellaneouscompounds 110
References 112
5 Phosphoruscontainingcompoundsinnon-salinewaters 115
5.1 Alkylandarylphosphates 115
5.2 Adenosinetriphosphate 115
5.3 Inositoltriphosphate 116
5.4 Plytase-hydrolysablephosphate 116
5.5 Phosphine 116
5.6 Organophosphoruscompounds 116
5.7 Organophosphorusinsecticidesandpesticides 117
References 117
6 Sulphurcontainingcompoundsinnon-salinewaters 119
6.1 Mercaptonsanddisulphides 119
6.2 Dimethylsulphoxide 119
6.3 Alkylthiols 120
6.4 Ethylenethiourea 120
6.5 Thiobenzamide 120
6.6 Chlorobenzosulphonicacid 120
6.7 Miscellaneous 121
References 121
7 Surfaceactiveagentsinnon-salinewaters 123
7.1 Non-ionicsurfaceactiveagents 123
7.2 Anionicdetergents 130
7.3 Cationicdetergents 132
References 135
Table of contents vii
8 Volatileorganiccompounds 139
References 142
9 Multiorganicsinnon-salinewaters 143
9.1 Preliminaryextractionoforganiccompounds 144
9.2 Gaschromatography 147
9.3 Highperformanceliquidchromatography 147
9.4 Infraredspectroscopy 148
9.5 Miscellaneous 148
9.6 Volatileorganiccompounds 152
References 155
10 Pesticidesandherbicides 161
10.1 Organochlorinetype 161
10.2 Organophosphorusinsecticidesinnon-salinewaters 170
10.3 Ureaherbicides 182
10.4 Phenoxyaceticacidtypeherbicides 187
10.5 Triazinetype 191
10.6 Carbamatetype 194
10.7 Othertypesofchemicalsthatoccurinwatersamples 200
References 208
11 Organiccompoundsinsalinewaters 223
11.1 Hydrocarbons 224
11.2 Gaschromatography-massspectrometry 227
11.3 Carboxylicacids 231
11.4 Oxytetracycline 231
11.5 Carbohydrates 232
11.6 Surfaceactiveagents 232
11.7 Halogenatedcompounds 233
11.8 Nitrogencontainingcompounds 234
11.9 Sulphurcontainingcompounds 239
11.10 Phosphoruscontainingcompounds 239
11.11 Herbicidesandpesticides 239
11.12 Miscellaneousorganiccompounds 241
References 242
12 Miscellaneousorganiccompounds 249
12.1 Naturallyoccurringorganicpollutants 249
References 261
13 Organometalliccompounds 265
13.1 Nonsalinewaters 265
13.2 Organometalliccompoundsinsalinewaters 278
References 282
viii Table of contents
14 Organiccompoundsaqueousprecipitation 289
14.1 Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons 289
14.2 Phenols 289
14.3 Carboxylicacids 289
14.4 Pesticides 290
14.5 Organomercurycompounds 290
14.6 Organotincompounds 290
14.7 Organoleadcompounds 290
References 291
Index 293
Preface
Thepresenceofconcentrationsoforganicsubstancesinnon-salineandsalinewateris
amatterofincreasingconcerntothewaterindustry,environmentalistsandthegeneral
publicalikefromthepointofviewofpossiblehealthhazardspresentedtobothhuman
andanimallife, representedbydomesticatedandwildanimalsandbirdandfishlife.
This awareness hinges on three facts: the increasing interest by the scientist and the
publicalikeinmattersenvironmental,anincreasedusageoforganicmaterialsincom-
mercecoupledwiththemuchwidervarietyororganicsubstancesusednowadays,and
finally, the availability of analytical methods sensitive enough to determine very low
concentrationsofthesesubstances,thepresenceofwhichweformerlywereunaware.
It has been estimated that river waters can contain up to 2,000 different organic
substances over a wide concentration range and many of these survive processing in
the water works and occur in potable water, with possible health implications. The
FoodandDrugAdministrationinAmerica,amongstothers,issystematicallyworking
itswaythroughscreeningtestsonthesesubstancessofaridentifiedinwater,butthis
isaprocessthatwilltakemanyyearstocomplete.
There have been many developments in the field of determination or organic
compounds in natural waters since the publication of the first edition of this book
in2000.Thepresentbookupdatestheavailableinformationonthesubject.
Aswellasorganicsoccurringinwaterasadirectresultofindustrialactivitythere
arethosewhichoccurmoreindirectlyfromothercauses,suchashaloformsproducedin
thechlorinationstageofthewatertreatmentprocess,organometalliccompoundspro-
ducedbyconversionofinorganicsaltsbybiologicalactivityinriversandnitrosamine
formation by conversion of inorganic nitrates. There are also, of course, naturally
occurringorganicsubstancesinwater.
Thepurposeofthisbookistodrawtogetherandsystemisethebodyofinformation
availablethroughouttheworlduptoearly2013ontheoccurrenceanddetermination
oforganicsofalltypesinnon-salineandsalinenaturalandtreatedwater.Inthiswas
referencetoaveryscatteredliteraturecanbeavoided.
This is not a recipe book, i.e. methods are not presented in detail, space consid-
erations alone would not permit this; instead the chemist is presented with details of
methods available for the determination of all types of organics in a variety of types
of water samples. Methods are described in broad outline giving enough informa-
tionforthechemisttodecidewhetherheorshewishestorefertotheoriginalpaper.
To this end, information is provided on applicability of methods, advantages and
