Table Of ContentSpringer Series in Optical Sciences Volume 5
Editor David L. MacAdam
Springer Series in Optical Sciences
Volume 1 Solid-State Laser Engineering
By W. Koechner
Volume 2 Table of Laser Lines in Gases and Vapors
By R. Beck, W. Englisch, and K. Gurs
Volume 3 Tunable Lasers and Applications
Editors: A. Mooradian, T. Jaeger, and P. Stokseth
Volume 4 Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy
By V. S. Letokhov and V. P. Chebotayev
Volume 5 Optics and Lasers An Engineering Physics Approach
By M. Young
Volume 6 Photoelectron Statistics With Applications to Spectroscopy
and Optical Communication
By B. Saleh
M. Young
Optics and Lasers
An Engineering Physics Approach
With 122 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1977
Dr. MATT YOUNG
Present address: Electromagnetics Division, National Bureau of Standards,
Boulder, CO 80302, USA
Dr. DAVID L. MACADAM
68 Hammond Street, Rochester, NY 14615, USA
ISBN 978-3-662-15818-0 ISBN 978-3-662-15816-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-15916-6
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Young, Matt, 1941-. Optics and Lasers. An Engineering Physics Approach.
(Springer series in optical sciences; v. 5). 1. Optics. J. Title. TA1520.Y68 621.36 77·516
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically
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@ by Springer· Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1977
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1977.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1977
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that
such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
2153/3130-543210
For Deanna,
David and Rachel
Preface
The field of optics has changed greatly in the past dozen years or so. Partly
because of the applied or engineering nature of much of modern optics, there
is need for a practical text that surveys the entire field. Such a book should
not be a classical-optics text, but, rather, it should be strong on principles,
applications and instrumentation, on lasers, holography and coherent light.
On the other hand, it should concern itself relatively little with such admittedly
interesting phenomena as the formation of the rainbow or the precise deter
mination of the speed of light.
My purpose, therefore, has been to write an up-to-date textbook that
surveys applied or engineering optics, including lasers and certain other areas
that might be called modern optics. I have attempted to treat each topic in
sufficient depth to give it considerable engineering value, while keeping it
as free of unnecessary mathematical detail as possible. Because I have surveyed
applied optics in a very general way (including much more than I would
attempt to incorporate into any single college course), this book should be
a useful handbook for the practicing physicist or engineer who works from
time to time with optics. Any of the material is appropriate to an introductory
undergraduate course in optics; the work as a whole will be useful to the
graduate student or applied scientist with scant background in optics.
This book is based on class notes for several one-semester courses I
offered in the electrical engineering curriculum at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute and in the physics department at the University of Waterloo (Canada),
before I joined the Electromagnetics Division of the National Bureau of
Standards. Most of the courses were at the second- or fourth-year level; I have
drawn much additional material from graduate courses I have offered in lasers
and related areas. To make the book as useful to as large an audience as
possible, I have also included short reviews of such subjects as complex
exponential notation, superposition of waves, and atomic energy levels.
I have used references sparingly and only when necessary for a deeper
understanding of a subject. I have incorporated problems into the text. The
problems are designed to help increase the reader's understanding and, some
times, to derive a useful result. When the solution to a problem results in
an important fact or formula, I have been certain to quote the result. Certain
portions of the text are largely descriptive; there I have used comparatively
few problems.
In Chap. 1, I treat whatever ray optics I consider necessary for a complete
understanding of the optical instruments introduced in Chap. 2. These instru
ments are treated almost entirely by paraxial approximation, on the supposition
that aberration theory, for example, is of little practical interest to the non
specialist.
In the section on optical instruments, I include the important optical parts
of the human eye, stripped of most of its physiological or psychological
aspects. In addition to detailed treatments of the telescope and the microscope,
VIII Preface
I include the entire optical system of the camera, including the important
aspects of the photographic emulsion. In this part, I stress theoretical
resolution . limit and useful and empty magnification. I conclude with a dis
cussion of the optical waveguide and its place in optical communications.
The third chapter, Light Sources and Detectors, begins with radiometry
and photometry, using the currently accepted units, notation and terminology.
I then survey blackbodies, continuous sources and line sources. The chapter
concludes with a section on detectors for visible and near-infrared spectra.
I have deliberately omitted electromagnetic theory from the section on
wave optics. In this part, I develop the elements of interference and diffraction,
as well as discuss coherence and resolution. I include sufficient Fresnel
diffraction theory to understand the role of the zone plate in holography
and cover coherence in a way that purposely excludes the detailed theory.
Under the heading, Interferometry and Related Areas, I include diffraction
gratings and interferometers, as well as multilayer mirrors and interference
filters. In the following part, I discuss holography and optical processing,
including under the general term, optical processing, the Abbe theory of the
microscope and Zernike's phase-contrast microscopy. This section concludes
with a treatment of transfer functions and MTF.
The seventh chapter, Lasers, is intended to introduce the terms and
concepts related to lasers and optical resonators. Discussion of the dynamics
of laser pumping and output characteristics is confined mainly to optically
pumped lasers, which are used to exemplify other types. I then treat continuous,
pulsed, Q-switched and mode-locked lasers, optical resonators, stability, and
Gaussian-beam propagation. The section concludes with a description of the
most important solid, liquid and gas lasers.
The final chapter, Electromagnetic and Polarization Effects, begins with a
description of propagation, reflection, total reflection and Brewster's angle.
It progresses through polarization, birefringence and wave plates to nonlinear
optics, harmonic generation and optical mixing. Chap. 7 concludes with a
treatment of electrooptics, magnetooptics and acoustooptics.
It is my very great pleasure to acknowledge the invaluable assistance of
the editor of this series, Dr. David MacAdam, whose guidance and comments
have led to a clearer, more readable and more complete work. My former
office mate at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Dr. William Jennings, read the
first draft with great care and offered excellent suggestions, occasionally
making me rewrite the same passage several times with very salutary results.
My debt to others is more distant but no less real; I should like to
express my indebtedness to my former professors and fellow students at the Uni
versity of Rochester's Institute of Optics. My closest advisers were Professors
Michael Hercher and Albert Gold; I also have warm memories of Professors
Philip Baumeister, Parker Givens, and others. My first optics course was
Professor Rudolf Kingslake's introductory optical engineering course, and I
still occasionally refer to his duplicated course notes.
Boulder, Colorado, July 1977 M.YOUNG
Contents
1. Ray Optics 1
1.1 Reflection and Refraction 1
Refraction 1
Index of Refraction . . 1
Reflection . . . . . . 2
Total Internal Reflection 3
Reflecting Prisms 4
1.2 Imaging ...... . 5
Spherical Surfaces 5
Object-Image Relationship 6
Use of the Sign Convention 8
Lens Equation . . . . . . 8
Classification of Lenses and Images 11
Spherical Mirrors 12
Thick Lenses . . . 13
Image Construction 15
Magnification 16
Newton's Form of the Lens Equation 17
Lagrange Invariant 18
Aberrations . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2. Optical Instruments ....... . 20
2.1 The Eye (as an Optical Instrument) 20
2.2 Basic Camera ..... 22
Photographic Emulsion 23
Sensitometry 25
Resolving Power 27
Depth of Field . 28
2.3 Projection Systems 29
2.4 Hand Lens or Simple Magnifier 30
2.5 Microscope 32
2.6 Telescope . . . . 33
Pupils and Stops 33
Field Stop 35
Terrestrial Telescopes 35
2.7 Resolving Power of Optical Instruments 36
Camera . 37
Telescope ........... . 37
X Contents
Microscope 38
2.8 Optical Waveguides 39
3. Light Sources and Detectors 43
3.1 Radiometry and Photometry 43
Radiometric Units 43
Photometric Units 45
Point Source 46
Extended Source 47
Diffuse Reflector 48
Image Illuminance 49
Image Luminance 51
3.2 Light Sources 53
Black Bodies 54
Color Temperature and Brightness Temperature 57
Line Sources 58
Light-Emitting Diodes (LED) 61
3.3 Detectors 62
Quantum Detectors 62
Thermal Detectors 67
Detector Performance Parameters 69
4. Wave Optics 73
4.1 Waves 73
Electromagnetic Waves 75
Complex Exponential Functions 75
4.2 Superposition of Waves 76
4.3 Interference by Division of Wavefront 77
Double-Slit Interference 78
Multiple-Slit Interference 80
4.4 Interference by Division of Amplitude 82
Two-Beam Interference 82
Multiple-Reflection Interference 83
4.5 Diffraction 85
Single-Slit Diffraction 87
Interference by Finite Slits 90
Fresnel Diffraction 90
Far and Near Field 93
Babinet's Principle 95
4.6 Coherence 96
Time Coherence 97
Spatial Coherence 99
Coherence of Thermal Sources 100
4.7 Theoretical Resolution Limit 100
Two-Point Resolution 100
