Nutrient Metabolism (Food Science and Technology International)

841 Pages·2003·93.06 MB·English

by  Martin Kohlmeier

NUTRIENT MITABOUSM
Food Science and Technology
International Series
Series Editor
Steve L Taylor
Univmity of Nebmsh
Advisory Board
Ken Buckle
Uniusrxity of New %uih Was, Alcstmlicr
Bruce Chassy
Uniwrsiiy of Illinois, US4
Patrick Fox
Uniwsiy College Cork, Republic of Ireland
Dennis Gordon
Nortk Dakota Stats Universiy, USA
Rob& Huckins
UnknipO frcebmsh, USA
Ronald Jackson
Q M Gn~ada
Daryl B. Lund
6mll Uniwtsi&, USA
Connie Weaver
hrdue Universip, USA
Louise Wicker
Universrfy of Centgi~U, SA
Howard Zhang
Ohio Stars U n M & USA
A complete list of booh in this wies w'sa t the end of this dwms.
Nutrient
Metabolism
Martin Kohlrneier
Research Professor,
School of Public Health and School of Medicine,
University of North Carolina,
USA
ACADEMIC PRESS
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First edition 2003
Reprinted 2006
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Kohlmeier, Martin
Nutrient metabolism. - (Food science and
technology. International series)
1. Metabolism 2. Nutrition
1. Title
612.3'9
Library of Congress Catalog Number: 20021 15408
ISBN-13: 978-0-1 2-417 762-8
ISBN-10: 0-12-417762-X
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22 CChheemmiiccaall sseennsseess .... .. .. 77
MMoolleeccuullaarr bbaassiiss ooffssmmeellll .. 77
TTaassttee ....••..........................................••............................ 1100
CChheemmeesstteessiiss .. 2211
33 IInnttaakkee rreegguullaattiioonn .. 2255
AAppppeettiittee ..................................................................................................••••.. 2255
TThhiirrsstt ............................••................••..............••.................................... 3311
44 AAbbssoorrppttiioonn,, ttrraannssppoorrtt,, aanndd rreetteennttiioonn .. 3377
DDiiggeessttiioonn aanndd aabbssoorrppttiioonn .. ..................••................................ 3377
RReennaall pprroocceessssiinngg ••..••........••....••....••..••••....••........••...................... 5566
TThhee bblloooodd--bbrraaiinn bbaarrrriieerr .... .. .. 7700
MMaatteerrnnaa--ffeettaall nnuuttrriieenntt ttrraannssppoorrtt .. 7777
55 XXeennoobbiioottiiccss 8855
HHeetteerrooccyycclliicc aammiinneess 8855
FFllaavvoonnooiiddss aanndd iissooffllaavvoonneess 9922
GGaarrlliicc ccoommppoouunnddss 110066
66 FFaattttyy aacciiddss 111111
SSttrruuccttuurree aanndd ffuunnccttiioonn ooffffaattttyy aacciiddss 111111
OOvveerrffeeeeddiinngg 114433
AAcceettaattee 114477
......................
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vi Contents
........................................
Conjugated linoleic acid. ........ ......... .. . ............ ... i57
Docosahexaenoic a.c.i.d. .........i1.4.i . ........i. ..i.. .L ............i.L....,. . 164
T-antfatcy acids ..* ... ...... . ... ...., . 175
Chlorophyll/phytol/phytanic acid .. yi ~~1 *r f; s*.- Ldwi L . 179
.... .............
7 Cahohydrates. alcoho..ls-.. . a.g. d. .o.r.g..a nic. a c.id..s. ... ..,.. a.m ...;F.-.4 r...r... .......... ....*.. .. .. 187
Carbohyd.ra.te .s. ........ ..i. ....w.. ........-- . .... ......... ............... .. 187
Glucose ...+. .. -.+...*.. ................ .......... ......... 111 . .* + . 193
Fructose .................... . . ........ ........ . -..... ....*..*.....# ..... ... 210
Galactos.e. ...............i.... . ..-i .i. ... ........i... ... A .............i.. r.~..... . 216
Xylitol ..... ......... . . . ....... . ....... ., .?.... ....2.2 3
Qruvate 4.. .. ...,. .a.t'.. ..t. ...Y' +C..-. .. .*. ..C.:: ri*.d. . .........Y.'. .... .. 227
. .
Oxalate . L* . .- . .. .. . i.$. . i 232
Ethanol . ,+. +-. .I. pTs fl <-. ..- eR* 5F ~q X? +-r . 235
........ .... .......................
8 Amino acids and nimgen compounds .. .. . . 243
Structure an.d. .h.n..c.t.i.o.n.. p.f.a.r.n..in .o. .a. .d..s. ....+. ....*... .c..+.A.,.. ..b. ..I .b.. ..*.. ..........2.4.4. ......
Starvation ....... ,. .:.f.. -&..c ,... ...L.. .... .............. ... ... 268
Glutamatg . ........ .?.?. ... '.? . . ..? P:F'.-. .... 272
Glutaminc ..* ....#+ ........c.~. ....+ , ,h.w.,:..+.a..h. ... ..1.3.1. . ..*.*. ..a.b. ..* ....... 280
.
.b. . $ ba . . i ... ...... c . ? 4 . ... . 288
.............. .?.'a. . *.?: ...W :..* .*.! ..?..A.. .'.;.*. P.X. .#.2. .. C; +-.W. ti* A. F! * 63 ..t 295
SAelarinnien e .... ...... ..?*., .i..6.. ?. .+.. .. ..- . ...................................r. ....... ...-..r ................ ..l......r....... ............?. ..... .i......... .33*00.08 .
Phenylala.n.i.n.e. +: ............. ...... + . 314
Tyrosine .....~.lo.Cr.........l..... ........................ .....*......i. l.... ...:.. Y...i........ .3 21
.
Tryptophan .... ... ... ................*.*... *. 328
Methionin.e. ......i...~.., ..*..-... .. ..i... ........ .. ................j..I...i......... ...... 338
Cysceine .., . . .. . . ..... .. l.h. ?. . . . . *. 348
Lysine ...... .?. ... .!.:...K.T. ..- ..*... ..+. ..... ....... .? ...a... . .., ..*.a. .+ ..? ..? .. 356
Leucine .... i ..-.. .L. ......... A ...?...-. . 363
Valine .... ... .. ........ .!.7..r.r. ........... ..............7... .....f. ...l.- ...... 370
Is o leut in e ...r.' T. ..4 ..+ .......t. .................... ...h .. .y.: -... ........ 377
Aspartate ..........................+.. .4.4... ....... .-.... ........... 383
Asparagine' .......................................... .........3 89
.....
Arginine ...:i ..,*..*... .. ....+...... .......* ........c. ...... 395
Proline .... ....... .....*.m. .m..t.. ... .. . ..... .. .......+.. .4.0 4
Hiscidine ........A' .......*. ..... ...c.. ..1..4. t. .4. ....q. .... ..:f. . . .h. .4 .t ....
Taurine ..... ... -...-. . ...........i. .... ............ ..........,..&.. .....4.2 1
Creatine ........ .... ? ......... ...*....-.*- ...,..... . .. .....-.... 427
Carnitine ... ..k d..... ..... .'. .......+.... ....... .,.. .... ....... .. ...... .... 432
Melatonin ................................... ..IC- ..+ . .....,.. .....4.3.9
Cholinc . ,.%. 447
. .... .. . .;.. *...
9 Fat-soluble vibrnins and non-nutrien.t. s. 4. +.. ..F. .. + . +.. ... ..... . 457
Free radicals and antioxidants . .,.+ .... l.h' l.. I X.h * . 457
Contents vii
......................... .O..I..................I. .....
Vitamin A ................ ............. ..... ... 464
.J*..~.?...'.~~.~.
VViittaammiinn DE .... ..-.... .............- ... .. ... , .,.. ... ... -.. , .'.... . ,.. . .................... ..... -. .L ... ... 447980
Vitamin K ..... ...... ..t '.. g..i.. .~.l. ... ..i- .- L. .i.b ...Y. .6 ... ... . ......-+. ..... .... 501
Choleste.r.o.l .....* . .... ...'+..... .............. ...,. .........,.,. .. ... 511
LipOate ....!+. ....c...t.. . ...............q. .*..+. ..............t .....5 26
Ubiquinone A 532
.................. ............ ..
10 Wamduble.. *.in.s. ......a.n..d. .m..n..u.t.r.i.e..n.t.s.. .. ...*. ........*..*.: .....5.3.9
Methylation 539
.. .!. ............. -.... .............I. .............. .*-.....
VitarninC. ................. ......................... ... 542
Thiamin ........*.. ...... . .. *... ............ .............................i. l. . 551
Riboflavi.n. ............. -.. .............,. ..... . .... ..........i....... .. . 561
.I
Niacin ..-. .... *.... ........ ..... ... . .... - .......... -... 570
Vitamin. .5.6. ..............Y. .....r4. ....Y-. ...4.~ ............... .... ... 581
Folate .................. ............... ..... i. ....... ..?. ......5 91
Mtarnin. .8.1. 2.. ......... . .,.. .............. ...... +. ......- .. ......#.. ........ 603
Biotin ... ......,.......... .;... .....s#A:-h, .. .......................6.1.3
Pantothen.a.t.e ..... . ..................... 613
Qutuine ........r4.....b..........,. ..................... .tl.*.. .................... 625
Bioprerin. .......... -... .. ._..: . .. .......r ...................... .... 628
lnositol , 634
.... ....... ....... ...... ..........
11 M i d sa nd t+afe elemem c..i., .. ......Y .Y D' ........i.4 . 643
Water ..f.t......,.........r... .r.... .... '.r . b..i'.?.l.v ..b'. ..... .. 643
Sodium ......,. , . qK..d. ......+.-. ..c.*. .F.'.*. m.- .7 -t.. . ..c..*.* .t.+. *k.g . e q. ....t. . 649
Potassium. ..........i. i '.i. .-.. .......... i.. ...... ......i... i. .. ,... .i. 655
...
Chlori.n.e. ......... ...., ...., ..- .. .. .......:..+ ......... ..t.i. .........*,I ...... .. . 660
Iron ...... .. ........ ......... . . ..............6 67
I
Coppe.r. ...... ! D.'. .. . ,c .b ..'+.. ...' ........;.i . . ........-#. ....i. ..;+. ...... .-. 678
Zinc .7 .. 685
.,7, Tsy .. ..-.........
Calciumi '....i. .....Z..... l..Y....j.i.-.. . .r' .... -... . .r...,.c.. r.'.r r.....b .+..E......-i 'S. .. .. ...,.'..' 693
Phosphorus ?. . ....'.* *.? ...;. . ......... ,..,... ..; ...q.,. .... 700
Magnesi.u.m.. .-*. .....r.y e ...,,.. .-... ...4 0..r.... ,... ............. ............ 708
Iodine .-.... ....... *I.AA,, .i- . ....... .....*,...*... ... 772
Fluorine ? *y.* , . . ,.......4...l.r..',...' ... 718
Selenium .,'.* ... ~.~.r.c......r.......1 ..... I..........i....i... 1...i.........'..il.. .i....r.. . ........... 722
.. .,
Manganese ...a.m. .....i . .. ...... ..., ........ .. .llm. ... ...... 728
Molybde.n.u..m. ......,.r..-.-.,. ...-.I. *.l.Y .., ...w.m ..l..r*.*.,.....,.. .. ..I..... .... 733
Cobalt .......................... ,.... .... ........................ 739
Chromium .......... .......i. ............ ...........7 42
,
BOIWfl ..,m.i. m.: **..+.c.. ....... ...r.e..#., . .. ....... ............... 746
Silicon .......,.... .. '............i.. ..... :. : .;_ ..- ... .i.'... ............ ..... .. 750
Bromine 753
n7i Contents
.... .......... . . ... .. ..... .... .........
Arsenic ,b.r.. .*.. %..' *', +. ...,.:... ..d.*. ;.. .; .....:.?t .. ..4 ...... 757,
Vanadi.u.r.n..., ..i.. ...i .,-... .,.....,......, .............. ..... ..i.....*...r.. . ............. .. ..... . . . . .. . . 762
Nickel 'cll ..-. .,F, ..3 4 a.1 t,m,t *,:-.a 1.3 ?*4 766
......... .....
12 ApplicPtion~ ...... .. ~:..:..;..~..-...r. .!';.; .I. .;. -..- 7691
Geneticvariation r.+.F+,i-h*l!d ....-.~... ~ey., -.- -.. -.. 769 1
Nutrient adequacy and. .su.p.p.l.e.m.e nta.t.io.n. .,., . ,. . ,... *. .,..*.. .+.. ...i.T..b .. ...W..., . 775,
Nutrient interactions ....i.+. ... ........i. . ..+; ...... ...;,. ........... ..; ..... 7791
Using molecular databases 17 ,,:. cs9. f- 7828
I.dfS. .........,.... ................ . is..* ;.. ....-.*'...*. *,4:>,*#& ............. c .;_". ............ 7R.5
Foreword
It is likely that an understanding of nutrient metabolism will become increasingly
valuable as it becomes more necessary to translate from molecular events, to whole
body metabolism, to behaviors. This text, providing an excellent systematic overview
of nutrient metabolism, provides an outstanding avenue for learning the fundamentals
of this important area. Of course it will be useful for nutrition students and profes-
sionals, but also for other biologists who work at the interface with nutrition and need
to have a concise reference on metabolism.
During the past 20 years, powerful new molecular techniques have generated
incredible insights about human biology by identifying the molecules involved in
biological events and examining them in purified form or simple systems. Most basic
life science disciplines converged, though they were once based on metabolic and
nutritional biochemistry, and evolved during the 1980s and 1990s so that they focused
almost exclusively on molecular events. As a result, the reservoir of knowledge that
this book contains (nutritional/metabolic biochemistry), knowledge that used to be
at the core of such research, is often not part of the training of biologists. Though
nutrient metabolism was not fully valued during the ascendance of the reductionist
approach, there is now growing recognition that these skills will be essential for the
next phase of biological science.
As we rapidly approach the time when the entire human genome is sequenced, a
pressing need arises for scientific integrationism; an increased focus on nutrient
metabolism is the next step in this process. Today we are faced with difficult questions
dealing with the complex interactions that determine phenotype. Basic science disci-
plines are becoming increasingly aware that an understanding of metabolism and
metabolic regulation is central to the understanding of how molecular events result in
life itself. How do you explain phenotype once you know genotype? What are the
complex effects on metabolism of deleting or changing expression of a gene? This
new text on nutrient metabolism will be an invaluable tool for scientists who wish to
address these questions.
Steven H Zeisel, MD, PhD
Professor and Chairman, Department of Nutrition,
School of Public Health and School of Medicine,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
President, American Society of Nutritional Sciences (ASNS)