Table Of ContentNEITHER EAST NOR WEST
NEITHER
Iran, the
EAST Soviet Union,
NOR and the
WEST United States
EDITED BY
Nikki R. Keddie and
Mark J. Gasiorowski
Yale University Press New Haven and London
Copyright © 1990 by Yale University.
All rights reserved.
This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form
(beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Neither East nor West Iran, the Soviet Union, and the United States
edited by Nikki R. Keddie and Mark J. Gasiorowski.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-300-04656-1 (alk. paper). — ISBN 0-300-04658-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Iran—Foreign relations—Soviet Union. 2. Soviet Union—Foreign relations—
Iran. 3. Iran—Foreign relations—United States. 4. United States—Foreign relations—
Iran. 5. United States—Foreign relations—Soviet Union. 6. Soviet Union—Foreign
relations—United States. I. Keddie, Nikki R. II. Gasiorowski, Mark J., 1954-
DS274.2.S65N45 1990
327.55047—dc20 89-25077
CIP
The paper in this book meets the guidelines of permanence and durability of the Committee on
Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Contributors vii
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction nikki r. keddie 1
I. The View from Tehran
1. Trends in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of
Iran, 1979-1988 maziar behrooz 13
2. Iran’s Resistance to the U.S. Intervention in the Persian
Gulf R. K. RAMAZANI 36
II. Iran and the Soviet Union
3. The Role of Iran in Soviet Perceptions and Policy,
1946-1988 RICHARD HERRMANN 63
4. Myths of Soviet-Iranian Relations muriel atkin 100
5. Gorbachev, Iran, and the Iran-Iraq War
ROBERT O. FREEDMAN 115
III. Iran and the United States
6. Security Relations between the United States and Iran,
1953-1978 mark j. gasiorowski 145
vi C O N TE N TS
7. The U.S. Overture to Iran, 1985-1986: An
Analysis james a. bill 166
8. The Policy of the Reagan Administration toward
Iran eric hooglund 180
IV. The Fateful Triangle
9. Rules of the Game: The Geopolitics of U.S. Policy
Options in Southwest Asia bruce r. kuniholm 201
10. Slouching toward Settlement: The Internationalization of
the Iran-Iraq War, 1987-1988 Gary sick 219
11. The Iranian Revolution and Great-Power Politics:
Components of the First Decade fred halliday 247
12. U.S. and Soviet Responses to Islamic Political
Militancy richard w . cottam 265
Index 289
Contributors
Muriel Atkin is Associate Professor of history at George Washington Univer
sity. She is the author of Russia and Iran, 1780-1828 (Minneapolis: Univer
sity of Minnesota Press, 1980) and The Subtlest Battle: Islam in Soviet
Tajikistan (Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute, 1989).
Maziar Behrooz is a candidate for a Ph.D. in history at the University of
California, Los Angeles.
James A. Bill is Professor of Government and the director of the Reves Center
for International Studies at the College of William and Mary. His most recent
book is The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988).
Richard W. Cottam is University Professor of political science, University of
Pittsburgh. He is the author of Iran and the United States: A Cold War Case
Study (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988).
Robert O. Freedman is Peggy Meyerhoff Pearlstone Professor of Political
Science and dean of graduate studies at Baltimore Hebrew University. His
published writings include Soviet Policy toward the Middle East since 1970
(New York: Praeger, 1982).
Mark J. Gasiorowski is Associate professor of political science at Louisiana
State University. He has published an article on the coup d’etat in Iran of
1953 in the International Journal of Middle East Studies and has just com
pleted a book on American foreign policy toward Iran under the Shah.
Fred Halliday is Professor of international relations at the London School of
Economics. He is the author of Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of
vii
viii CO NTRIBUTORS
South Yemen, 1967-1987 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989)
and From Kabul to Managua: Soviet-American Relations and the Third
World (New York: Pantheon, 1989).
Richard Herrmann is Associate professor of political science at Ohio State
University. He is the author of Perceptions and Behavior in Soviet Foreign
Policy (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985).
Eric Hooglund is Visiting Associate Professor of political science at the
University of California, Berkeley. He is the author of Land and Revolution
in Iran, 1960-1980 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982) and Crossing
the Waters: The Arab Immigration to the United States before 1940 (Wash
ington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987).
Nikki R. Keddie is Professor of history at the University of California, Los
Angeles. She is the author of Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of
Modern Iran (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1981) and
Religion and Politics in Iran: Shi'ism from Quietism to Revolution (New
Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1983), and the editor with Juan
R. I. Cole of Shi'ism and Social Protest (New Haven and London: Yale
University Press, 1986).
Bruce R. Kuniholm is Professor of public policy and history and the director
of the Institute of Policy Sciences and Public Affairs at Duke University. He
is the author of several books on American policy in the Near East, including
The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and
Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece (Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1980), and is working on a book about the relations between the
United States and Turkey.
R. K. Ramazani is the Harry F. Byrd, Jr., Professor of Government and
Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia. His two latest books art Revolu
tionary Iran: Challenge and Response in the Middle East (Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1986) and The Gulf Cooperation Council: Record
and Analysis (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1988).
Gary Sick is Adjunct Professor of Middle East politics and a fellow of the
Research Institute on International Change at Columbia University. He
served on the staff of the National Security Council under Presidents Ford,
Carter, and Reagan and is the author of All Fall Down: America s Tragic
Encounter with Iran (New York: Random House, 1985).
Acknowledgments
This book is based on a conference, “Iran, the U.S., and the U.S.S.R.,” held at
U.C.L.A. in April 1988. Thanks are due to the financial sponsors, the Ford
Foundation and the University of California Institute for Global Cooperation
and Conflict and its director at the time, Herbert York. Thanks go especially to
the chief active sponsor, the U.C.L.A. Center for International and Strategic
Affairs, and its director, Michael Intriligator, and also to cosponsors, the
U.C.L.A. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern Studies, and its director,
George Sabagh, and the University of California, Santa Barbara Global Peace
and Security Program, and its director, John Ernest.
Also very helpful were Gerri Harrington, Karl Arnold, Jonathan Fried-
lander, Afshin Matin-Asgari, Brett Henry, and Ann Florini. Leslie Evans did
extensive work editing the manuscripts before they went to Yale manuscript
editor Cecile Watters. Charles Grench, our Yale editor, was as helpful as
always. Fred Kameny saw the book through production. Jane Bitar and the
efficient staff of Word Processing for Social Sciences and Humanities retyped
the entire manuscript.
Thanks are also due to other scholars who participated in the conference in
various capacities: Shahrough Akhavi, Shaul Bakhash, Jahangir Behrouz, Igor
Belyaev, Leonard Binder, Nancy Gallagher, Hans Rogger, William Miller,
Mehdi Noorbakhsh, and Hashem Pesaran.
Owing largely to the help of authors and editors, the transition from
conference to book has been unusually smooth and trouble-free. For purposes
of a book there had to be some changes in the papers that were included.
Because of the rapidly changing nature of the topic, it was felt necessary to have
some chapters updated by their authors at the last opportunity in late July 1989,
after the Iranian presidential elections and constitutional change but before the
Lebanese hostage crisis.
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