Table Of ContentNEGATIONINKOREAN AFUNCTIONALANDDISCOURSEAPPROACH
By
JINKYOUNGKIM
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
1996
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDALIBRARIES
ThisDissertationisdedicatedto
myteacher.Dr.ChaunceyC.Chu
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
IwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorDr.ChaunceyC Chu
forhisinvaluablecommentsandenduringpatiencethatenabledmetocompletethe
present dissertationthewayit is. Without his warm-hearted encouragement and
insightfulsuggestions, Iwouldneverhavecompletedthisdissertationatall.
I also wish to express my thanks to Dr. Ann Wehmeyer, cochair ofthe
committee,forherdetailedcommentsandsuggestionsforvaluablereferencematerials.
My specialthanksgo toDr. William Sullivan, who guided mygraduatework and
helpedmeresolvealotofdifficultiesIconfrontedduring mystudyintheProgramin
Linguistics. Iam greatlyindebtedtoothermembersofthecommittee.Dr PaulChun
andDr AnneWyatt-Brown,whohelpedmefinishthedissertationwiththeirdetailed
suggestions.
IalsowishtoextendmysincerethankstoWayneKing,myfriend,whohas
always beentherewithme. Hehasgivenmealotofadviceinmanyareasandhelped
mekeepupwithstudyingwheneverIwasdown.
Mydeepestthanksalsogotomywife,JungeuiYun,mysons, SengyunKim
andKangyunKim,andmyfriends,IlhoSungandSeung-manKang, fortheirwarm-
heartedaccompanimentandencouragement.
Finally,IthankeveryonewhohasbeenwithmeandwatchedeverystepIhave
madeduringmylife. EventhoughIdonotrememberalloftheirnames,Ibelievethat
theyhavebeenunknownteachersofmylifeandwillbeonesaslongasIbreathe.
IV
TABLEOFCONTENTS
page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
iii
KEYTOABBREVIATIONS viii
ABSTRACT ix
CHAPTERS
1INTRODUCTION 1
1.1AFunctionalandDiscourseApproachtotheAnalysis
ofLinguisticPhenomena 1
1.2BasicAssumptionsandScopeofInvestigation 2^
1.3Outline 8
2LITERATUREREVIEWONNEGATION 10'
2.1LiteratureonNegationinGeneral 10
2.1.1WithintheFrameworkofTransformational-
GenerativeGrammar 10
2.1.2WithintheFrameworkofInterpretiveSemantics 16
2.1.3WithintheFrameworkofGenerativeSemantics 18
2.1.4WithintheFrameworkofFunctional/Discourse
Approach 20
2.2LiteratureonKoreanNegation 24
2.2.1TwoformsofNegationinKorean 25
2.2.2Single-baseHypothesisfortheTwoFormsof
Negation 26
2.2.3Double-baseHypothesisfortheTwoFormsof
Negation 30
2.2.4Descriptivevs.MetalinguisticNegation 32
2.2.5LeastEffortPrinciple 34
2.3NecessityforaNewApproach 36
V
3NEGATIVEFORMSINKOREAN 39
3.1 Iniroduclion 39
3.2NatureoftheShortandLongFormsofNegation 41
3.2.1DistributionofNEG-FormsinKorean 41
3.2.2ANewTypologicalAnalysisoftheTwoForms
Negation:Lexicalvs.Syntactic 53
3.3TwoFormsofNegationinDiscourse 57
3.3.1SurveysontheChoiceofNEG-Forms:
theSemantic/PragmaticDistinctions 58
3.3.2NEG-FormsinNeutralandContrastive
Environments 67
3.3.2.1ChoiceofNEG-forms 67
3.3.2.2 WhytheshortNEGina“contrastive
environment”? 71
3.3.3GrammaticalJudgmentofNegation:theInadequacy
ofStructuralConstraint 75
3.4NEG-MorphemesinKorean 79
3.4.1NEG-morphemean 79
3.4.2NEG-morphememot 80
3.4.3NEG-morphememad) 82
34.4Tense-Aspect-ModalityandtheInterpretation
ofNEG-morphemesanandmot 83
3.4.5TransitivityandtheNEG-morphemesmandmot 92
3.4.5.1Transitivityandthedistribution
ofanandmot 94
3.4.5.2Tirnatnesriptrievtiattyioanndoftmhesaenmdamntoitc 101
4THEINTERPRETATIONOFNEGATIONINDISCOURSEAND
INFORMATIONSTRUCTURE 106
4.1Introduction 106
4.2ResolutionoftheScopeAmbiguityofNEG-Forms
inDiscourse 108
4.21TheRoleoftheBackgroundInformation
/KnowledgeinDiscourse 110
4.2.2TheRoleofDiscourseInformationfrom
theContext 113
4.3InformationStructureandtheScopeofNegation 115
4.3.1NewInterpretationofInformationStructure 116
4.3.2InformationStructureandtheTopicMarkernun 119
4.3.3InformationManagementandTargetofNegation... 127
VI
5 SUMMARYANDCONCLUSION 137
BIBLIOGRAPHY 142
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 151
vii
KEYTOABBREVIATIONS
CMP:Complementizer
CONJ:Conjunction
DCL:Declarativeparticle
DM: Dativemarker
DV: Descriptiveverb
PUT:Futuretense
HON:Honorificparticle
IMP:Imperativeparticle
INT:Interrogativeparticle
NEG:Negative
NOM:Nominativeparticle
NM: Nominalizer
OM: Objectmarker
POSS:Possessiveparticle
PRS:Presenttense
PST:Pasttense
SM: Subjectmarker
SUBJ:Subject
TAM:Tense,aspectandmodality
TOP:Topicmarker
V:Verb
VOC:Vocative
viii
AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool
oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe
RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy
NEGATIONINKOREAN:AFUNCTIONALANDDISCOURSEAPPROACH
By
JinkyoungKim
August,1996
Chairman: Dr.ChaunceyChu
Cochair:Dr AnnWehmeyer
MajorDepartment: Linguistics
ThisstudyaimsatprovidingabetterexplanationfornegationinKoreanonthe
basisofthetheorythatthereisastrongcorrelationbetweenalinguisticstructureand
itsdiscoursefunctions. Traditionally,Koreannegationhasbeenanalyzedfromthe
structuralpointofviewofWesternlanguagesanditsanalysishasbeenconcentratedon
itsformal/syntacticfeatures. Thus,thepragmaticaspectsofNEG-formshavesofar
beenneglected.
Beingboth subject-prominent and topic-prominent, Korean has adrastically
different structural tendencyfromthat ofany Western language. Its negation is
heavilyanchoredintherelationshipbetweenformandfunction. Toprovideafull
interpretation,thisstudytakesafunctional anddiscourseapproachtothestructural
formsofKoreannegation
Firstofall,thisstudyreviewsthetraditionalapproachestonegationinEnglish
and Korean, and then presents the rationale for a new approach, pointing out
IX
difficultieswhichthetraditionalapproacheshavefacedwithintheiranalyses. Thetwo
formsofnegationinKorean, shortandlong, areanalyzedastheuniversaltypesof
negation: lexicalvs. syntactic. Fromthis perspective, thevarious functions ofthe
negativeforms, whichhavenotbeendealtwithintheliterature,receiveareasonable
explanation. Theirdistributionalpatternisconfirmedbysurveystatistics.
ForthedistributionoftheNEG-morphemesanandmot,atransitivitytheoryis
adopted. AsanunmarkedNEG-morpheme,^isusedtonegatepredicatesofeither
high or low transitivity, on the other hand, as a marked NEG-morpheme, mot is
specializedtonegatepredicatesofhightransitivity.
The scope ambiguity ofNEG-forms in an affected environment is seen as
discoursalinnatureandhastoberesolvedindiscourse. Underatwo-tierinformation
structureof‘source’ and ‘management,’ the scopeofnegation is identified asthe
constituentthatcarrieshighinformativevalue,regardlessofitsinformationstatus(eg.,
givenornew) Thisapproachprovidesanexplanationofthereasonwhythetopic
markernuninnon-subjectpositionsplaysanimportantroleintheidentificationofthe
‘target’ofnegationinKorean.
Inshort,thedistribution/choiceandtheinterpretationofNEG-formscannotbe
explainedonlyintermsofsyntacticstructure,but mustbeviewedintermsoftheir
functionsindiscourse. Thus,thisstudystronglysupportsacurrentlygrowingbeliefin
linguisticsthatthereisastrongcorrelationbetweenalinguisticformanditsfunction,
thoughsuchcorrelationcannotalwaysbeformulatedintoabsoluterulesandmustvary
withtheirdiscoursecontexts
X
