National imagery and mapping agency. Radar Navigation and Maneuvering Board Manual

413 Pages·2016·22.71 MB·English

Radar Navigation and Maneuvering Board Manual
Pub. 1310
*NSN7644014673955* *007*
ED. NO.007
NSN 76440146739555
NIMA REF. NO.NVPUB1310
Pub 1310
RADAR NAVIGATION AND
MANEUVERING BOARD MANUAL
Seventh Edition 2001
Prepared and published by the
NATIONAL IMAGERY AND MAPPING AGENCY
Bethesda, Maryland
© COPYRIGHT 2001 BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
NO COPYRIGHT CLAIMED UNDER TITLE 17 U.S.C.
For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office
Superintendant of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328
PREFACE
The2001editionofPub.1310RadarNavigationandManeuveringBoard maritime community. Most of the illustrations and examples have been
Manual combines selected chapters from the sixth edition of Pub. 1310, carried forward into this edition.
RadarNavigationManual,andthefourtheditionofPub.217,Maneuvering
Board Manual. The chapter on ARPA has been expanded and now includes a sample
operatingmanualforamoderncommercialradarandARPA.Manyexcellent
This manual has been compiled by the editorial staff of the Maritime otherpublicationsonARPAareavailableandshouldbeconsultedforamore
SafetyInformationCenterattheNationalImageryandMappingAgency.It thorough understanding on this subject matter.
is intended to be used primarily as a manual of instruction in navigation
schools and by naval and merchant marine personnel. By combining the Users should refer corrections, additions, and comments for improving
previouseditionsofPub.1310andPub.217intoonebookwehopethatwe this product to:
have provided a practical reference for mariners on board ship and
instructors ashore. It is also intended to be of assistance to others who are MARITIME SAFETY INFORMATION CENTER
concerned with marine radar in different and less direct ways. NATIONAL IMAGERY AND MAPPING AGENCY
ST D 44
In combining the two manuals, every effort has been made to retain the 4600 SANGAMORE ROAD
original style and format which has proven to be clear and helpful to the BETHESDA MD 20816-5003
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The information which was used in the book’s recompilation has come Particular thanks are due to Mr. Eric K. Larsson, Director, Center for
from a wide variety of sources. The staff at NIMA would like to thank the Maritime Education, Seaman’s Church Institute, New York and the Furuno
many individuals for their contributions. These include; U.S. Navy Radar ElectricCo.,LTD.forprovidingtheinstructionmanualfortheirlatestraster
TrainingFacilities,merchantmarineacademies,U.S.CoastGuardAcademy, scan radar and ARPA units.
radar manufactures and a number of individual mariners.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1—BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES AND Dust .................................................................................................14
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Unusual Propagation Conditions ....................................................14
A BASIC RADAR SYSTEM ......................................................................15
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................1
RADAR SYSTEM CONSTANTS .....................................................15
Carrier Frequency ........................................................................15
A BRIEF HISTORY ......................................................................................2
Pulse Repetition Frequency .........................................................15
RADAR PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS ....................................3 Pulse Length.................................................................................15
THE RADIO WAVE ................................................................................3
Power Relation .............................................................................16
THE RADAR BEAM ...............................................................................4
COMPONENTS AND SUMMARY OF FUNCTIONS .....................17
Beam Width .......................................................................................4
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS ....................................................18
EFFECT OF SEA SURFACE ON RADAR BEAM ................................5
Power Supply ...............................................................................18
Modulator.....................................................................................18
ATMOSPHERIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE
RADAR HORIZON .......................................................................................9 Transmitter ...................................................................................18
THE RADAR HORIZON .........................................................................9 Transmitting and Receiving Antenna System..............................18
DIFFRACTION ........................................................................................9 Receiver .......................................................................................20
REFRACTION .........................................................................................9 Indicator .......................................................................................21
Standard Atmospheric Conditions......................................................9
FACTORS AFFECTING DETECTION, DISPLAY, AND
Sub-refraction ..................................................................................10
MEASUREMENT OF RADAR TARGETS.............................................24
Super-refraction ...............................................................................10
FACTORS AFFECTING MAXIMUM RANGE ...............................24
Extra Super-refraction or Ducting ...................................................11
Frequency.....................................................................................24
Ducting Areas ..................................................................................11
Peak Power...................................................................................24
WEATHER FACTORS AFFECTING THE RADAR HORIZON ........13
Pulse Length.................................................................................24
Attenuation by rain, fog, clouds, hail, snow, and dust.....................13
Rain ..................................................................................................13 Pulse Repetition Rate ...................................................................24
Fog ...................................................................................................13 Beam Width .................................................................................24
Clouds ..............................................................................................14 Target Characteristics ..................................................................24
Hail ..................................................................................................14 Receiver Sensitivity .....................................................................24
Snow ................................................................................................14 Antenna Rotation Rate .................................................................24
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WAVELENGTH.........................................................................................31
FACTORS AFFECTING MINIMUM RANGE..........................................25 TARGET CHARACTERISTICS ...............................................................34
Pulse Length ..............................................................................................25 Height........................................................................................................34
Sea Return ..................................................................................................25 Size............................................................................................................34
Side-Lobe Echoes ......................................................................................25 Aspect .......................................................................................................34
Vertical Beam Width .................................................................................25
Shape.........................................................................................................34
FACTORS AFFECTING RANGE ACCURACY.......................................25
Texture ......................................................................................................34
Fixed Error .................................................................................................25
Composition ..............................................................................................34
Line Voltage ..............................................................................................25
Frequency Drift ..........................................................................................25
Calibration .................................................................................................25 CHAPTER 2—RADAR OPERATION
Pip and VRM Alignment ...........................................................................26
Range Scale ...............................................................................................26
RELATIVE AND TRUE MOTION DISPLAYS .....................................35
PPI Curvature.............................................................................................26
GENERAL ..................................................................................................35
Radarscope Interpretation ..........................................................................26
RELATIVE MOTION RADAR .................................................................35
FACTORS AFFECTING RANGE RESOLUTION....................................26
Orientations of Relative Motion Display ..................................................36
Pulse Length ..............................................................................................26
Stabilization ..............................................................................................36
Receiver Gain ............................................................................................28
TRUE MOTION RADAR ..........................................................................37
CRT Spot Size ...........................................................................................28
Range Scale ...............................................................................................28 Stabilization ..............................................................................................37
FACTORS AFFECTING BEARING ACCURACY...................................29 Radarscope Persistence and Echo Trails ..................................................37
Horizontal Beam Width .............................................................................29 Reset Requirements and Methods.............................................................37
Target Size .................................................................................................29 Modes of Operation ..................................................................................38
Target Rate of Movement ..........................................................................29 Types of True Motion Display..................................................................38
Stabilization of Display .............................................................................29
PLOTTING AND MEASUREMENTS ON PPI ......................................39
Sweep Centering Error...............................................................................29
THE REFLECTION PLOTTER .................................................................39
Parallax Error .............................................................................................29
Heading Flash Alignment ..........................................................................29 Basic Reflection Plotter Designs ..............................................................39
FACTORS AFFECTING BEARING RESOLUTION................................29 Marking the Reflection Plotter .................................................................39
Horizontal Beam Width .............................................................................29 Cleanliness ................................................................................................39
Range of Targets ........................................................................................30 PLOTTING ON STABILIZED AND UNSTABILIZED DISPLAYS.......39
CRT Spot Size ...........................................................................................31 Stabilized North-Upward Display ............................................................39
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RANGE AND BEARING MEASUREMENT ...........................................44 MEASUREMENT AND ALIGNMENT CONTROLS ......................54
Mechanical Bearing Cursor .............................................................44 Range ...........................................................................................54
Variable Range Marker (Range Strobe) ..........................................44 Bearing .........................................................................................55
Electronic Bearing Cursor ...............................................................44 Sweep Centering ..........................................................................55
Interscan...........................................................................................45 Center Expansion .........................................................................55
Off-Center Display ..........................................................................45 Heading Flash Alignment ............................................................55
Expanded Center Display ................................................................46 Range Calibration ........................................................................55
TRUE MOTION CONTROLS ...........................................................56
RADAR OPERATING CONTROLS.........................................................47
Operating Mode ...........................................................................56
POWER CONTROLS ............................................................................47
Normal Reset Control ..................................................................56
Indicator Power Switch....................................................................47
Delayed Reset Control .................................................................56
Antenna (Scanner) Power Switch ....................................................47
Manual Reset Control ..................................................................56
Special Switches ..............................................................................47
Manual Override Control .............................................................56
PERFORMANCE CONTROLS—INITIAL ADJUSTMENTS .............48
Ship’s Speed Input Selector Control ............................................56
Brilliance Control ............................................................................48
Set and Drift Controls ..................................................................56
Receiver Gain Control .....................................................................49
Speed and Course Made Good Controls ......................................57
Tuning Control.................................................................................50
Zero Speed Control ......................................................................57
PERFORMANCE CONTROLS - ADJUSTMENTS ACCORDING
TO OPERATING CONDITIONS ..........................................................50
Receiver Gain Control .....................................................................50 CHAPTER 3—COLLISION AVOIDANCE
Fast Time Constant (FTC) Switch (Differentiator) .........................50
Rain Clutter Control ........................................................................50
RELATIVE MOTION ................................................................................59
Sensitivity Time Control (STC).......................................................52
THE VECTOR TRIANGLE ...............................................................63
Performance Monitor .......................................................................53
VECTOR EQUATIONS .....................................................................64
Pulse Lengths and Pulse Repetition Rate Controls..........................54
LIGHTING AND BRIGHTNESS CONTROLS ....................................54
MANEUVERING BOARD ........................................................................66
Reflection Plotter .............................................................................54
MANEUVERING BOARD FORMAT ..............................................66
Heading Flash ..................................................................................54
PLOTTING ON MANEUVERING BOARD.....................................66
Electronic Bearing Cursor ...............................................................54
Relative Movement Problems ......................................................71
Fixed Range Markers.......................................................................54
Variable Range Marker....................................................................54 THE LOGARITHMIC TIME-SPEED-DISTANCE NOMOGRAM.....74
Panel Lighting..................................................................................54 NAUTICAL SLIDE RULES ..............................................................76
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GRAPHICAL RELATIVE MOTION SOLUTIONS .............................76 EXAMPLE 5—COURSE TO PASS SHIP AT A SPECIFIED CPA
RAPID RADAR PLOTTING .................................................................77 (Own ship’s speed is less than that of other ship) ..............98
TRANSFER PLOTTING........................................................................77
EXAMPLE 6—VERIFICATION OF FIXED OBJECTS OR RADAR
SELECTION OF PLOTTING TECHNIQUES ......................................77
CONTACTS DEAD IN THE WATER...........................100
RADAR PLOTTING SYMBOLS...............................................................81
EXAMPLE 7—AVOIDANCE OF MULTIPLE CONTACTS WITHOUT
FIRST DETERMINING THE TRUE
GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS ON THE REFLECTION
COURSES AND SPEEDS OF THE CONTACTS .........102
PLOTTER RAPID RADAR PLOTTING .................................................83
CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH ......................................................83
EXAMPLE 8—DETERMINING THE CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH
TRUE COURSE AND SPEED OF CONTACT ....................................83 FROM THE GEOGRAPHICAL PLOT ..........................104
COURSE TO PASS AT SPECIFIED CPA ............................................85
ALTERNATIVE RADAR PLOTTING SYMBOLS .............................106
SPECIAL CASES ...................................................................................86
STANDARD PLOTTING PERIOD .................................................108
CONSTRUCTING THE PLASTIC RULE USED WITH SUMMARY OF ALTERNATIVE PLOTTING SYMBOLS
RAPID RADAR PLOTTING .....................................................................88 R-T-M TRIANGLE ..........................................................................110
ALTERNATIVE GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS ON THE
EXAMPLES REFLECTION PLOTTER ......................................................................112
e-r-m TRIANGLE CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH ................................................112
TRUE COURSE AND SPEED OF CONTACT...............................112
COURSE TO PASS AT SPECIFIED CPA ......................................114
EXAMPLE 1—DETERMINATION OF CLOSEST POINT
OF APPROACH (CPA) .......................................................90 SPECIAL CASES .............................................................................115
BLACK LIGHT ILLUMINATION ..................................................115
EXAMPLE 2—COURSE AND SPEED OF A RADAR
CONTACT ...........................................................................92
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 3—COURSE AND SPEED OF RADAR CONTACT
R-T-M TRIANGLE
BY THE LADDER METHOD ............................................94
EXAMPLE 4—COURSE TO PASS A SHIP AT A SPECIFIED CPA EXAMPLE 9—DETERMINATION OF CLOSEST POINT OF
(Own ship’s speed is greater than that of other ship) ...........96 APPROACH (CPA) ..........................................................118
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EXAMPLE 10—COURSE AND SPEED OF A RADAR CHAPTER 4—RADAR NAVIGATION
CONTACT .......................................................................120
EXAMPLE 11—COURSE AND SPEED OF RADAR CONTACT RADARSCOPE INTERPRETATION....................................................147
BY THE LADDER METHOD ........................................122 LAND TARGETS.............................................................................147
SHIP TARGETS ...............................................................................149
EXAMPLE 12—COURSE TO PASS A SHIP AT A SPECIFIED CPA
RADAR SHADOW ..........................................................................149
(Own ship’s speed is greater than that of other ship) .......124
BEAM WIDTH AND PULSE LENGTH DISTORTION ................149
SUMMARY OF DISTORTIONS .....................................................151
EXAMPLE 13—COURSE TO PASS SHIP AT A SPECIFIED CPA
RECOGNITION OF UNWANTED ECHOES AND
(Own ship’s speed is less than that of other ship)............126
EFFECTS ..........................................................................................152
EXAMPLE 14—VERIFICATION OF FIXED OBJECTS OR Indirect (False) Echoes ..................................................................152
RADAR CONTACTS DEAD IN THE WATER ............128 Side-lobe Effects ...........................................................................153
Multiple Echoes .............................................................................153
EXAMPLE 15—AVOIDANCE OF MULTIPLE CONTACTS
Second-Trace (Multiple-Trace) Echoes ........................................153
WITHOUT FIRST DETERMINING THE TRUE
Electronic Interference Effects ......................................................155
COURSES AND SPEEDS OF THE CONTACTS .........130
Blind and Shadow Sectors .............................................................155
Spoking ..........................................................................................156
PRACTICAL SOLUTION FOR CPA IN TRUE
Sectoring ........................................................................................156
MOTION MODE .......................................................................................132
Serrated Range Rings ....................................................................156
SITUATION RECOGNITION .................................................................139 PPI Display Distortion...................................................................156
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................139 Hour-Glass Effect ..........................................................................156
RULES FOR SPEED CHANGE ..........................................................140 Overhead Cable Effect ..................................................................156
Reduced Speed...............................................................................140
AIDS TO RADAR NAVIGATION..........................................................158
Increased Speed .............................................................................140
RADAR REFLECTORS...................................................................158
Speed of Relative Motion (SRM) ..................................................140
RADAR BEACONS .........................................................................158
SITUATION DISPLAYS .....................................................................140
Racon .........................................................................................159
APPLICATION ....................................................................................140
Ramark .......................................................................................160
RULES FOR MANEUVERING ..........................................................145
RADAR FIXING METHODS .................................................................161
RANGE AND BEARING TO A SINGLE OBJECT .......................161
TWO OR MORE BEARINGS .........................................................161
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TANGENT BEARINGS.......................................................................161 CHAPTER 5—AUTOMATIC RADAR PLOTTING AIDS
TWO OR MORE RANGES .................................................................161 (ARPA)
MIXED METHODS .............................................................................162
PRECONSTRUCTION OF RANGE ARCS ........................................163 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................191
CONTOUR METHOD .........................................................................164
STAND-ALONE AND INTEGRAL ARPA’S.........................................191
IDENTIFYING A RADAR-INCONSPICUOUS OBJECT ...................165 ARPA DISPLAY...............................................................................192
Raster-scan PPI..............................................................................192
FINDING COURSE AND SPEED MADE GOOD BY
Monochrome and Color CRT........................................................192
PARALLEL-LINE CURSOR ...................................................................166
FEATURES AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR
USE OF PARALLEL-LINE CURSOR FOR ANCHORING ................167 A MODERN RASTER SCAN RADAR AND ARPA ............................193
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................193
PARALLEL INDEXING ..........................................................................169
FEATURES ......................................................................................193
General Features............................................................................194
THE FRANKLIN CONTINUOUS RADAR PLOT
ARPA Features..............................................................................194
TECHNIQUE .............................................................................................182
DISPLAY CONTROLS.....................................................................196
TRUE MOTION RADAR RESET IN RESTRICTED Mode Panel....................................................................................196
WATERS ....................................................................................................184 Plotting Keypad.............................................................................197
RADAR DETECTION OF ICE................................................................186 OPERATION.............................................................................................198
ICEBERGS ...........................................................................................186 TURNING ON POWER....................................................................198
TRANSMITTER ON.........................................................................198
BERGY BITS .......................................................................................186
CRT BRILLIANCE...........................................................................198
GROWLERS.........................................................................................186
TUNING THE RECEIVER...............................................................199
RADAR SETTINGS FOR RADARSCOPE PHOTOGRAPHY ...........187 Auto Tune......................................................................................199
Manual Tune..................................................................................199
NAVIGATIONAL PLANNING ...............................................................188
Video Lockup Recovery................................................................199
SPECIAL TECHNIQUES ....................................................................189 DEGAUSSING THE CRT SCREEN................................................202
Identifying Echoes .........................................................................189 INITIALIZING THE GYRO READOUT.........................................202
Fixing .............................................................................................189 PRESENTATION MODES...............................................................202
Relative Motion (RM)...................................................................202
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True Motion (TM)..........................................................................202 True or Relative Vector.................................................................213
SELECTING THE PRESENTATION MODE...................................202 Vector Time...................................................................................213
Head-up Mode................................................................................203 Target Data....................................................................................213
Course-up Mode.............................................................................203 Reading the Target Data............................................................... 213
Head-up TB (True Bearing) Mode.................................................204 Terminating Target Plotting..........................................................213
North-up Mode...............................................................................204 Entering Own Ship’s Speed...........................................................213
True Motion Mode..........................................................................205 Automatic Speed Input..................................................................214
SELECTING THE RANGE SCALE..................................................206 Manual Speed Input.......................................................................214
SELECTING THE PULSEWIDTH....................................................206 TARGET TRAILS (ECHO TRAILS)...............................................215
Selecting Pulsewidth 1 or 2............................................................206 True or Relative Trails...................................................................215
Presetting Pulsewidths 1 and 2.......................................................206 Trail Gradations.............................................................................215
ADJUSTING THE SENSITIVITY....................................................206 Displaying and Erasing Echo Trails..............................................215
SUPPRESSING SEA CLUTTER.......................................................207 Resetting Echo Trails.....................................................................215
Automatic Anti-clutter Control.......................................................207 PARALLEL INDEX LINES............................................................ 216
Manual Anti-clutter Control...........................................................207 Displaying and Erasing the Index Lines........................................216
SUPPRESSING PRECIPITATION CLUTTER.................................207 Adjusting Index Line Intervals......................................................216
INTERFERENCE REJECTOR..........................................................207 ANCHOR WATCH...........................................................................216
MEASURING THE RANGE.............................................................208 Activating Anchor Watch..............................................................216
MEASURING THE BEARING.........................................................208 Alarm Range Setting......................................................................216
COLLSION ASSESSMENT BY OFFSET EBL................................209 Showing Drag Lines......................................................................217
MEASURING RANGE AND BEARING BETWEEN Anchor Watch in Standby or Transmit Status...............................217
TWO TARGETS.................................................................................210 Origin Mark.................................................................................. 217
SETTING A GUARD ZONE (GUARD ALARM)............................210 Zoom..............................................................................................217
SILENCING AUDIBLE ALARM, REACTIVATING MARKERS........................................................................................218
GUARD ALARM...............................................................................210 Heading Marker.............................................................................218
DISABLING GUARD ZONE (GUARD ALARM)...........................211 Temporarily Erasing Heading Marker...........................................218
INWARD AND OUTWARD GUARD ALARMS............................211 North Marker.................................................................................218
OFF-CENTERING.............................................................................211 Stern Marker..................................................................................218
ECHO STRETCH...............................................................................211 Menu Keys.................................................................................... 218
ECHO AVERAGING.........................................................................211 FUNCTION KEYS............................................................................219
ELECTRONIC PLOTTING (E-PLOT)..............................................212 Watch Alarm..................................................................................220
Plotting a target...............................................................................212 EPA Menu.................................................................................... 220
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