Table Of ContentNANOTECHNOLOGY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
N
ANOTECHNOLOGY
R T , E I
ECENT RENDS MERGING SSUES
F D
AND UTURE IRECTIONS
No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no
expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No
liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information
contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
rendering legal, medical or any other professional services.
N S
ANOTECHNOLOGY CIENCE
T
AND ECHNOLOGY
Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website
under the Series tab.
Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website
under the e-book tab.
NANOTECHNOLOGY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
N
ANOTECHNOLOGY
R T , E I
ECENT RENDS MERGING SSUES
F D
AND UTURE IRECTIONS
NAZRUL ISLAM
EDITOR
New York
Copyright © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical
photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher.
For permission to use material from this book please contact us:
Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175
Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com
NOTICE TO THE READER
The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or
implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No
liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of
information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special,
consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers‘ use of, or
reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated
and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works.
Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in
this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage
to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise
contained in this publication.
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the
subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not
engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert
assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A
DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE
AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS.
Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
I SBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:25)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:20) (eBook)
Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS
Preface vii
About the Editor xi
Acknowledgment xiii
Chapter 1 Nanotechnology: Technology Trends, Emerging
Challenges and Implications 1
Nazrul Islam
Chapter 2 Nano-Enabled Drug Delivery: Subsystems, Hot Topics
and Future Innovation Pathways 25
Xiao Zhou, Alan L. Porter, Douglas K. R. Robinson,
Yi Zhang and Ying Guo
Chapter 3 Advances in Nanotechnology and the Future Prospects 45
Sandeep Kumar Vashist
Chapter 4 Seeking Out Paths of Responsible Development:
Exploring the Wicked Problem Facing Industrial Actors 65
Clare Shelley-Egan and Douglas K. R. Robinson
Chapter 5 Nanotechnology Supply Chain Management 89
Subin Babu and Nazrul Islam
Chapter 6 Application of Nanotechnology in Civil Infrastructure:
Current Status and Future Potential 115
Salim Barbhuiya and Touseef Patel
Chapter 7 Dendrimer: A Promising Nanocarrier for Cancer Therapy 127
I. Matai, A. Sachdev, S. Uday Kumar, P. Dubey,
B. Bhushan and P. Gopinath
Chapter 8 Nano Visions and Challenges: The Case of Sub-Saharan Africa 157
Trust Saidi and Esther Sigauke
Chapter 9 Nanotechnologies and Nanosciences in Pacific Asia:
A Comparative Study of China, Japan and
South Korea Scientific Production 175
Ugo Finardi
vi Contents
Chapter 10 Managing Business Risks in Nanotechnology 195
Nagesh Munivenkatesh and Nazrul Islam
Chapter 11 Facilitating Nanobiotechnology Commercialization through
Dynamic Ecosystem Development: Bridging Innovation Policy,
Stakeholders and Knowledge 215
Bhuvaneashwar Subramanian
Chapter 12 Nanomaterials Formed by Green Nanotechnology
for Bioapplication 241
Kelvii Wei Guo
Chapter 13 Spintronics: The Realm of Nanotechnology 311
S. Dwivedi
Chapter 14 Biomedical Applications of Graphene:
Opportunities and Challenges 337
Ranjita Shegokar
Chapter 15 Next Generation Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration
Membranes for Water Purification 349
Asim K. Ghosh and P. K. Tewari
Chapter 16 Current Approaches for Drug Delivery Design 363
Beatriz Clares Naveros and José Luis Arias Mediano
Chapter 17 Nanoemulsion As a Vehicle in Drug Delivery 395
Md. Faiyazuddin, Md. Akhlaquer Rahman
and Farhan J. Ahmad
Chapter 18 Nanomedicine: The New Age of Therapeutics 431
Luciano Sobrevals, Hanna Parkkola, Laura Vivero,
Rafael Miñana and Judith Sendra
Chapter 19 Toxicity of Nanoparticles: Present Scenario and Future Scope 461
Vineet Kumar, Sushil Kumar Kansal and S. K. Mehta
Index 487
PREFACE
Schumpeter's ‗long-wave theory‘ explains the technological revolutions underlying the
‗Kondratieff‘ cycles, and comprises his work on business cycles, with successive industrial
revolutions or long waves of technical change. For example, cotton was a key factor in textile
innovations in the first Kondratieff cycle; coal and iron for the industries associated with
steam power and railways in the second Kondratieff; steel for the industries based on electric
power, chemicals manufacture in the third Kondratieff; energy or oil for industries such as
consumer electronics, synthetic materials and pharmaceuticals in the fourth Kondratieff; and
chips or integrated circuits for innovations based on information and communication
technology (ICTs) in the fifth Kondratieff. Neo-Schumpeterian theory (built upon
Schumpeter's theories of long cycles in economic development) emphasizes the long wave
relationship between economic and technological development, arguing that such
fundamental technological changes bring discontinuity in economic development, but also act
as important engines of economic growth. Experts argue that nanotechnology innovation is
the harbinger of the sixth Kondratieff, as it is likely to bring revolutions in science and
technology arenas.
Respecting the above argument, I would like to propose that nanotechnology conforms to
an ‗evolutionary‘ field of micro-technology, rather than being ‗revolutionary‘1. Drawing from
modern evolutionary economics, the concept of ‗evolution‘ is used in the sense of a pattern,
or principles of change. The current conceptualization of evolutionary change involves
explicit principles of change, specifically the generation of novelty, selection among
diversity, as well as the retention and transmission of information. Technology evolution thus
has a meaning similar to that in biology, rather than simply meaning path dependency or
incremental change. Stimulated by biological theories, evolutionary ideas (comprised of
variety and natural selection) were introduced assuming that technical change evolves
through similar concepts of natural selection as with biological species. Genes are the basic
unit of evolution, and improve the reproductive capacities through the dynamics of variation
and natural selection. Studies on evolutionary theory found an analogy between the evolution
of behavioral routines and the evolution of genes in biological systems, and then suggested
that technologies had natural trajectories of their own.
1 For thousands of years we characteristically used a scale of something like the meter, for the last 50-60 years it has
been the millimeter and for the last 30-40 years, we have the micron scale and micro-technology.
Nanotechnology is an evolution from the micro to the nano-scale.
viii Nazrul Islam
Technology is seen as an important determinant for the survival and growth of
companies, regions and nations and is related to new theories of economic development,
technological change and industrial innovation. In order to reach technology-based economic
growth, it is not only necessary to invest capital, intellect and time in technology-related
research and development (R&D); but also to execute processes related to technology
development trends, diffusion patterns, and the adoption and implementation of technology-
based innovations. Technology-based innovations fuel the knowledge-based economy, as it
creates new industries, makes existing ones globally competitive, and drives future economic
growth. Nanotechnology has been regarded as a science and technology-based innovation, an
exploration of molecular or atomic engineering that has the potential to produce sweeping
changes to almost all aspects of human society beyond the scope of conventional
technologies. For example, nanotechnology encompasses distinct areas such as precision
engineering as well as electronics; electrochemical systems (lab-on-a-chip devices), as well as
mainstream biomedical applications in areas as diverse as gene therapy, drug delivery and
novel drug discovery techniques. Therefore, in nanotechnology there can be both a
mechanistic version (more materials science and microelectronics inspired), and a bio-
mimetic version (more biotechnology inspired).
Nanotechnology has gained increasing public as well as institutional attention worldwide.
This technology has contributed to remarkable advances in the field of science and
technology in the past two decades, which have led to significant prospective applications in
various technological domains including advanced materials, biotechnology and pharmacy,
electronics, scientific tools and techniques, and industrial manufacturing processes.
Nanotechnology is today considered as being a general-purpose technology, and will become
a common technology for all sectors or industries because of its ability to create super-
functional properties of materials at the nano-scale. On this scale, the classical laws of science
do not readily apply and therefore new properties and functionalities arise because of ultra-
small size and quantum-mechanical behavior of the elements of the material. As the nano-
materials industry develops and matures, it will increasingly become more affordable and cost
competitive with conventional materials, while offering a superior or novel performance.
Even today, the volume and pricing of nano-materials is already in the range where a number
of commercial applications appear economically compelling. Nano-materials play a
significant role in combating pollution and environmental hazards, by enabling advanced
water purification and clean energy technologies, and they have a profound impact in the
medicine sector. This ultra-small technology will drive a new technology-driven global
economy, with revolutionary advances in almost all industry sectors through high utility and
demands. However, owing to the expected impacts of nanotechnology, the abilities of nations
to adopt and drive penetration in their economies will affect their economic viabilities in the
long-run.
The huge potential of nanotechnology has encouraged a dramatic rise in research and
development (R&D) in almost all developed countries, and many developing countries have
begun to invest in nanotechnology areas. Hardly any other technology has attracted so much
public and private funding globally as fast, and generated as much hype and science-fiction-
like speculations about its technical, commercial and social potential. Nanotechnology is a
priority field now worldwide, including the US, in several countries in Europe (such as
Germany, France, UK and Italy) and in Asia (in countries such as Japan, China, South Korea,
Taiwan and Singapore); and increased funding has been made available over the periods in
