Nanoscale Structure and Assembly at Solid-Fluid Interfaces. Interfacial Structures Versus Dynamics

300 Pages·2004·11.984 MB·English

by  X. Y. Liu

NANOSCALE STRUCTURE AND ASSEMBLY
AT SOLID–FLUID INTERFACES
VOLUME I
Interfacial Structures versus Dynamics
Nanostructure Science and Technology
Series Editor: David J. Lockwood, FRSC
National Research Council of Canada
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Current volumes in this series:
Alternative Lithography: Unleashing the Potentials of Nanotechnology
Edited by Olivia M. Sotomayor Torres
Introduction to Nanoscale Science and Technology
Edited by Massimiliano Di Ventra, Stephane Evoy and James R. Heflin
Nanoparticles: Building Blocks for Nanotechnology
Edited by Vincent Rotello
Nanoscale Structure and Assembly at Solid–Fluid Interfaces (two-volume set)
Vol I: Interfacial Structures versus Dynamics
Vol II: Assembly in Hybrid and Biological Systems
Edited by Xiang Yang Liu and James J. De Yoreo
Nanostructured Catalysts
Edited by Susannah L. Scott, Cathleen M. Crudden, and Christopher W. Jones
Nanotechnology in Catalysis (two-volume set)
Edited by Bing Zhou, Sophie Hermans and Gabor A. Somorjai
Polyoxometalate Chemistry for Nano-Composite Design
Edited by Toshihiro Yamase and Michael T. Pope
Self-Assembled Nanostructures
Jin Z. Zhang, Zhong-lin Wang, Jun Liu, Shaowei Chen and Gang-yu Liu
Semiconductor Nanocrystals: From Basic Principles to Applications
Edited by Alexander L. Efros, David J. Lockwood and Leonid Tsybeskov
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon
actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
NANOSCALE STRUCTURE AND ASSEMBLY
AT SOLID–FLUID INTERFACES
VOLUME I
Interfacial Structures versus Dynamics
edited by
Xiang Yan Liu
Department of Physics
National University of Singapore
Singapore
James J. De Yoreo
Department of Chemistry and Materials Science
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
USA
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBookISBN: 1-4020-7810-0
Print ISBN: 1-4020-7792-0
©2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.
Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Boston
All rights reserved
No part of this eBook maybe reproducedortransmitted inanyform or byanymeans,electronic,
mechanical, recording, or otherwise,withoutwritten consent from the Publisher
Created in the United States of America
Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com
and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com
Table of Contents
Volume I
Interfacial Structures versus Dynamics
Foreword ix
Preface xi
List of contributors xiii
1. Atomic scale modeling of the solid–liquid interface
M.R. Philpot, National University ofSingapore, Singapore 1
2. Characterization of solid–liquid interfaces using X-raydiffraction
E. Vlieg, NSRIM, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 31
3. Interactions at solid–fluid interfaces
A. Noy, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Livermore, CA, USA 57
4. Optical consequences of chemistry at growing crystal interfaces
B. Kahr, M. Kurimoto, W. Kaminsky, S.-H. Jang, J.B. Benedict, University ofWash-
ington, Seattle, WA, USA 83
5. From solid–fluid interfacial structure to nucleation kinetics: principles and
strategies for micro/nanostructure engineering
X.Y. Liu, National University ofSingapore, Singapore 109
6. Two centuries of morphology of crystals: integration of principles of mathe-
matical crystallography, statistical mechanics of surface models and chemistry
P. Bennema, H. Meekes, NSRIM, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Nether-
lands 177
7. Crystal dissolution kinetics studied by vertical scanning interferometry and
Monte Carlo simulations: a brief review and outlook
A. Lüttge, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA 209
8. Machining with chemistry: controlling nanoscale surface structure with
anisotropic etching
M. Hines, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 249
Index to Volume I 281
Index to Volume II 283
This page intentionally left blank
Nanoscale structure and assembly at solid–fluid interfaces
Series of Two Volumes
Editors:
Xiang Yang Liu
Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
&
James J. De Yoreo
Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, USA
Foreword
Preface
VOLUME I: SOLID–FLUID INTERFACIAL STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR
SELF-ASSEMBLY AT THE NANO- AND MICRO-SCALE
List of contributors
1. Atomic scale modeling of the solid–liquid interface
M.R. Philpot, National University of Singapore, Singapore
2. Characterization of solid–liquid interfaces using X-ray diffraction
E. Vlieg, NSRIM, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
3. Interactions at solid–fluid interfaces
A. Noy, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Livermore, CA, USA
4. Optical consequences of chemistry at growing crystal interfaces
B. Kahr, M. Kurimoto, W. Kaminsky, S.-H.Jang, J.B. Benedict, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA
5. From solid–fluid interfacial structure to nucleation kinetics: principles and strate-
gies for micro/nanostructure engineering
X.Y. Liu, National University of Singapore, Singapore
6. Two centuries of morphology of crystals: integration of principles of mathematical
crystallography, statistical mechanics of surface models and chemistry
P. Bennema, H. Meekes, NSRIM, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
7. Crystal dissolution kinetics studied by vertical scanning interferometry and Monte
Carlo simulations: a brief review and outlook
A. Lüttge, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
viii
8. Machining with chemistry: controlling nanoscale surface structure with anisotropic
etching
M. Hines, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Index to Volume I
Index to Volume II
Volume II: ASSEMBLY OF NANOSCALE STRUCTURES IN ORGANIC, HYBRID,
AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
List of contributors
1. Modeling of molecular adsorption at crystal surfaces and interfaces
A. Wierzbicki, J.D. Madura, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
2. Inhibition of crystallization by small molecules: the magnesium example
P. Dove, J. De Yoreo, K.J. Davis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA
3. Kinetics of liquid–solid transformation in emulsion droplets
K. Sato, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
4. Fundamental aspects of nucleation theory revealed in experiments with protein
solid phases
P.G. Vekilov, O. Galkin, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston,
Houston, TX, USA
5. Microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic lengthscales in the kinetics of phase
transformations with proteins
P.G. Vekilov, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX,
USA
6. Probing of crystal interfaces and the structures and dynamic properties of large
macromolecular ensembles with in situ atomic force microscopy
A.J. Malkin, A. McPherson, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Livermore, CA, USA
7. Chemoselective ligation methods for the ordered attachment of proteins to surfaces
J. Camarero, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Livermore, CA, USA
8. The creation of organic and biological nanostructures at surfaces using scanning
probe nanolithography
B.L. Weeks, C.L. Cheung, J.J. De Yoreo, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Livermore,
CA, USA
Index to Volume I
Index to Volume II
Foreword
An old joke states that physicists apply good techniques to poorly characterizedsubstances,
while chemists work with good substances making use of poor techniques. Nowadays, biol-
ogists and biochemists also work with materials poorly characterized because of their com-
plexity. Nevertheless, emerging now and reflected in this book is an era in which high-level
techniques are applied to chemically well-controlled substances. The authors provide an
excellentcollection of fascinating stories on what happens at interfacesbetweencrystalline
materials and solutions. Scanning atomic force, tunneling, and vertical interferometric mi-
croscopies, modern optics, grazing X-ray diffraction, and molecular dynamic simulations
in ionic systems are the major tools that the authors have applied and that have revealed
the processes and interactionsthat peopleonly dreamed of tackling half a century ago. The
authors pay attention to the essential “know-how” of all thesetechniques. Certainly, such a
bookwould not have been possible 20 or even 10 years ago.
This collection of articles reflects the breakthroughs that are happening in under-
standing surface pheonomena in chemically complex systems—crystals and other solid
surfaces—in contact with mainly aqueous solutions containing ions of major components
and additives to be adsorbed—from to protein ions, to viruses and antibodies. The
last couple of decades brought about significant progress in understanding “tailor-made
impurities” on the stereo-chemical level. This book reflects further steps towards more
detailed quantitative physico-chemical insights. Inorganic crystal growth, dissolution, ad-
sorption, nucleation in connection with specific crystal surface structures are the major
subjects of the articles collected in Volume I. Visualization of structural details of viruses,
protein crystals and formation of the latter, properties of “soft” biologically related objects
and surfaces, like membranes, protein molecules immobilized for analyses, probing their
structure and properties, and processes in formation of emulsion dropletsprovide a second
group of objects and phenomena. This group is covered in Volume II. Here, too, crystal
growth and adsorption are the key physico-chemical issues.
The demands to monitor environment, to create new nanoelectronics, and to bring more
rationale to the endless ocean of exciting but still spotty findings in biology and medicine
provide long-term and strong driving forces to move from art to science in all these areas.
Yes, the general framework of crystal growth and surface science is now reaching its matu-
rity. Unfortunately, existence of this framework does not yet mean quantitative predictive
power, especially for the chemically complex systems, that are in our hands. We still have
a long way to go to achieve the aimed spirit through precise quantitative knowledge from
physics to chemistry and—which is a much more difficult task—to biology. This book
provides a timely step in that direction.
On a more specific note, this book reflects the revival of an interest in crystal growth
from solutions. It was boosted about two decades ago by needs to obtain crystals for non-