Nanomaterials: Ecotoxicity, Safety, and Public Perception

377 Pages·2018·7.731 MB·English

by  Mahendra Rai, Jayanta Kumar Biswas

Mahendra Rai · Jayanta Kumar Biswas   
Editors
Nanomaterials:
Ecotoxicity,
Safety,
and Public
Perception
Nanomaterials: Ecotoxicity, Safety, and Public
Perception
Mahendra Rai Jayanta Kumar Biswas
(cid:129)
Editors
Nanomaterials: Ecotoxicity,
Safety, and Public Perception
123
Editors
Mahendra Rai Jayanta Kumar Biswas
Department ofBiotechnology International Centrefor Ecological
SantGadge BabaAmravati University Engineering, Department of Ecological
Amravati, Maharashtra, India Studies
University of Kalyani
Kalyani, Nadia,West Bengal, India
ISBN978-3-030-05143-3 ISBN978-3-030-05144-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05144-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018962789
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2018
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Foreword
Nanotechnology is an important and enabling technology today. With the con-
fluenceofideasfromdiversedisciplines,itisanticipatedtopositivelyaffectvarious
facets of our lives. Nanomaterials derive their strength by harnessing the property,
which with decrease in particle size surface area of materials increases, and some
novelpropertiesemerge.Thisfundamentalpremisepaveswaytomanypossibilities
as envisioned by Richard Feynman, “There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom” for
“manipulatingandcontrollingthingsonasmallscale”.Nanomaterialsareexpected
toenablemany innovationsin theform of diverse devices,processes andproducts
in the domains of medicine, energy, environment, and others.
The last two decades or so have witnessed a burst of interest and activity in
synthesis, characterization, and application of nanomaterials. There is much scope
fordevelopingecotoxicologicalinformation.Thenanomaterialscouldinteractwith
different biotic andabioticfactorsintheenvironmentandcause adversebiological
and ecological effects at different levels. To assess environmental risks, scientific
data and knowledge on transport of nanomaterials in the environment and their
effects on health are to be properly examined.
Futuredevelopmentofnanotechnologyshouldbeaccompaniedwithresearchon
(eco)toxicity associated with possible risks by analyzing behavior and fate of
nanomaterialsintheecosysteminclusiveofitsbioticorganismsandhumanhealth.
Theremustbeareasonableconcernaboutplausibleandpotentialhazards,basedon
scientific investigation.
Given the vibrancy of nanoscience and technology, the edited book entitled
Nanomaterials: Ecotoxicity, Safety, and Public Perception is a topical and useful
book providing the state of knowledge on ecotoxicity of nanomaterials and safety
issues. The book consists of 17 chapters arranged in three sections dealing with
ecotoxicity, risk, and safety issues, regulations and public perceptions. All the
chapters have been written by experts from different countries, who have offered
authoritative treatmentsofnanoecotoxicologicalaspects.It hasdealtwith nanoma-
terials in food, soil, medicine, and unintentionally produced nanomaterials, and
addresses key issues of ecotoxic effects of nanomaterials on life and environment
v
vi Foreword
includinghumans.Ithasiteratedtheneedforanincreasedlevelofunderstandingof
risks and vulnerabilities that are likely to influence public, regulatory, and non-
governmental activities. The bookhas beendesignedwith adequate coveragefor a
multisectorial audience of academics, researchers, students, professionals, and
policy-makers.Icongratulatetheeditorsfortheirendeavorinproducingthisuseful
book.
Bangalore, India C. N. R. Rao
Linus Pauling Research Professor
Preface
Nanoscienceandnanotechnologyrefertothecontrolandmanipulationofmatterat
nanometer dimensions for tailoring and hybridizing the physical, biological, and
engineering properties of matter. It is a burgeoning, vibrant, and promising field
whichhasofferedthepossibilitiesandstunningnewachievementsasenvisionedby
RichardFeynman(1959):“Thereisplentyofroomatthebottom”.Nanotechnology
isnotonlyanemergingfieldofstudy,ithasbecomeanindustrywithtransforming
effects. The use of nanomaterials is expected to offer great promise for diverse
devices, procedures, and products in the domains of consumer goods, medicines,
energy, environment, and many others. But there is the other side of the coin; the
environment is prone to suffer from nanopollution and toxic insult due to release
and build up of nanocontaminants during different phases of lifecycle of nano-
materials, viz., production, transportation, disposal, entry into ecosystems, accu-
mulation, bioconcentration, transfer across trophic boundaries, etc. The NMs raise
the possibility that they could interact with and cause adverse biological effects at
cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels. Assessing potential environmental/
ecological risks requires quality information on transport and fate of nanoparticles
in the environment, exposures, and vulnerabilities of organisms to the nanomate-
rialsandstandardmethodsforassessingtoxicityforaquaticorterrestrialorganisms
and human health. Nanomaterial toxicity is extremely complex, and our under-
standing about ecotoxicity is very fussy and incomplete. The systematic risk
characterization and evaluation of the safety of nanomaterials require a multidis-
ciplinaryapproachandconvergenceofknowledgeandeffortsfromresearchersand
experts from toxicology, biotechnology, materials science, chemistry, physics,
engineering,andotherbranchesoflifesciences.Althoughstudiesarebeginningto
appear in the literature addressing the toxicity of various nanomaterials and their
potential for exposure, at this stage definitive statements regarding the impacts of
nanomaterials on human health and the environment remain sketchy and scanty.
Because of our limited understanding of the environmental implications of nano-
materials, there remains a gulf between their promises and pitfalls although the
flourishing development of new nanomaterials as well as emerging new applica-
tions. No doubt present time demands a clarion call for an increased level of
vii
viii Preface
precautions with regard to nanomaterials, as has happened with other emerging
contaminants and technologies (e.g., biotechnology). The perceptions of risks and
of benefits will vary and are likely to influence public, regulatory, and non-
governmental activities regarding risk and benefit evaluations. The Triple Helix,
i.e., academia, government, and industry, needs to be extended to a fourth
dimension, the civil society, because of the latter’s role and relevance in today’s
world. Since people are receptive to fictional representations as they shape their
imaginaries, the “nanomania” has rather alienated the entertainment and leisure
industry,andgivenrisetomisconceptions,misunderstandings,anddistortedviews
regarding this particular technology rather than contributed to a rational and gen-
uine discussion. Quo vadis? Where will we go? Systematic identification and
assessment of the risks posed by any new technology are essential. Systematic
researchintotheflipsideofthisnewtechnology,especiallytherisksthatitentails,
isessential.Aprudent,integrated,andholisticapproachisrequiredtodevelopbest
practices based on the scientific understanding about what we know and what we
don’tknowbutneedtoknowsothattheenginesofcreationwouldnotbecomethe
engines of destruction.
Withsuitablebreadthofcoverage,thiseditedbookhasbeendesigned‚written‚and
organized for the broad-spectrum multisectorial audience of researchers, students,
professionals,andpolicy-makers.Itisexpectedtobeapointerandreferenceresource
andwillcatertotheneedsoftheresearchers,professionalsaswellasthegraduateand
postgraduate students of nearly every discipline of science and engineering—toxi-
cology,biotechnology,chemistry,physics,biology,medicalscience,materialscience
& engineering, environmental science, and environmental engineering, who are
interestedtoknowtheecotoxicologicalaspectsofthenanomaterialandthepotential
hazards and risks involved therein. This book would be an inspirational compre-
hensive resource for researchers, environmental professionals and practitioners as
wellasindustrialportfolioholders,whoareinterestedtoearnaworkingknowledgeof
thisfascinatingfieldofNanotechnologyandNanotoxicology.
This book includes important chapters written by specialists and experts in the
concernedtopic,andhopefullyitwillwinwideacceptanceamongtheundergraduate
and graduate students of chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, microbiology,
biotechnology,andalliedsubjects.Itwillbeveryusefulforresearchersworkingin
nanotechnology,nanobiotechnology, toxicology,microbiology, ecology, andother
related fields.
Lastbutnottheleast,wehope,thiseditedbooksurelywillevokesomesurprise
andshock,hopeanddespair,andstimulateresolutionandactionthroughconcerted
and collaborative efforts of appropriate bodies to shape the nanoworld and save
Mother Nature.
Amravati, India Mahendra Rai
Kalyani, Nadia, India Jayanta Kumar Biswas
Contents
Part I Ecotoxicity
1 Nanomaterials: What Are They, Why They Cause Ecotoxicity,
and How This Can Be Dealt With? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mahendra Rai, Indarchand Gupta, Avinash P. Ingle,
Jayanta Kumar Biswas and Olga V. Sinitsyna
2 Nano-bio Interactions and Ecotoxicity in Aquatic Environment:
Plenty of Room at the Bottom but Tyranny at the Top!. . . . . . . . . 19
Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Mahendra Rai, Avinash P. Ingle,
Monojit Mondal and Soumyajit Biswas
3 Chemical Structure and Toxicity of Nanomaterials Used in Food
and Food Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Semih Otles and Buket Yalcin Sahyar
4 Toxicity and Safety Evaluation of Nanoclays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Adriano Brandelli
5 Ecotoxicity of Metal Nanoparticles on Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . 77
Patrycja Golinska, Magdalena Świecimska and Magdalena Wypij
6 Ecotoxicity of Nanometals: The Problems and Solutions. . . . . . . . . 95
Irina A. Shurygina, Larisa M. Sosedova, Mikhail A. Novikov,
Eugeniy A. Titov and Michael G. Shurygin
7 Bioelectrocatalytic Assessment of the Activating Effect
and Toxic Interaction Between Carbon Nanomaterials
and Microbial Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
A. N. Reshetilov, S. E. Tarasov and Yu V. Plekhanova
8 Nanotoxicity of Lipid-Based Nanomedicines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Maria Jose Morilla and Eder Lilia Romero
ix
x Contents
9 Zinc and Silver Nanoparticles: Properties, Applications
and Impact to the Aquatic Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, Mariete Barbosa Moreira,
Talita Martins Lacerda and Silvio Silvério da Silva
10 A Review on Ecotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
on Freshwater Algae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
M. Bhuvaneshwari, V. Iswarya, N. Chandrasekaran
and Amitava Mukherjee
11 Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Agriculture and Food . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Ryan Rienzie and Nadeesh M. Adassooriya
Part II Risks
12 Carbon Nanomaterials: Potential Risks to Human Health
and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
O. V. Sinitsyna, G. B. Meshkov and I. V. Yaminsky
13 Nanoparticles Emitted by Biomass Burning: Characterization
and Monitoring of Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Maria Angélica M. Costa, Henrique M. Fogarin, Ana F. M. Costa,
Lorena O. Pires, Débora D. V. Silva, Michele Lima-Souza
and Kelly J. Dussán
Part III Safety Issues, Regulations and Public Perception
14 Nanomaterials: Toxicity, Risk Managment
and Public Perception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Bushra Jamil, Rabia Javed, Asma Saleem Qazi
and Muhammad Ali Syed
15 Microparticle-Supported Nanocomposites for Safe
Environmental Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Sanchita Mandal, Binoy Sarkar, Raj Mukhopadhyay,
Jayanta Kumar Biswas and K. M. Manjaiah
16 Regulatory Framework for Nanomaterials
in Agri-Food Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Kizhaeral S. Subramanian and S. K. Rajkishore
17 Nanotechnological Regulations in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Wilson Engelmann, Raquel Von Hohendorff
and Daniele Weber S. Leal
Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 365