Table Of ContentMultilingual Development
Englishasagloballinguafrancainteractswithotherlanguagesacrossawide
rangeofmultilingualcontexts.Combininginsightsfromlinguistics,education
studies, and psychology, this book addresses the role of English within the
currentlinguisticdynamicsofglobalization.IttakesSingapore,HongKong,
andDubaiascasestudiestoillustratetheuseofEnglishindifferentmultilin-
gual urban areas, arguing that these are places where competing historical
assessments,andideologicalconceptionsofmonolingualismandmultilingual-
ism,arebeingactedoutmostforcefully.Itcriticallyappraisesthecontroversial
conceptofmultilingualadvantages,andstudiesmultilingualcross-linguistic
influenceinrelationtolearningEnglishinbilingualheritagecontexts.Italso
scrutinizesmultilinguallanguagepoliciesintermsoftheirimpactonattitudes,
identities,andinvestmentintolanguages.Engagingandaccessible,thisbook
isessentialreadingforacademicresearchersandadvancedstudentsofbi-and
multilingualism,globalization,linguisticdiversity,WorldEnglishes,sociolin-
guistics,andsecond/thirdlanguageacquisition.
petersiemundisProfessorandChairofEnglishLinguisticsattheUniversity
ofHamburg.HispublicationsincludeVarietiesofEnglish(2013)andSpeech
ActsandClauseTypes(2018).
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Published online by Cambridge University Press
Multilingual Development
English in a Global Context
Peter Siemund
UniversityofHamburg
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108844024
DOI:10.1017/9781108915540
©PeterSiemund2023
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Firstpublished2023
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Names:Siemund,Peter,1965-author.
Title:Multilingualdevelopment:Englishinaglobalcontext/PeterSiemund.
Description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversity
Press,2022.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2022025739(print)|LCCN2022025740(ebook)|ISBN
9781108844024(hardback)|ISBN9781108926089(paperback)|ISBN
9781108915540(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Multilingualism.|Englishlanguage–Globalization.
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Oneonlyseeswhatonelooksfor.Oneonlylooksforwhatoneknows.
—Goethe
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Contents
List of Figures page xi
List of Tables xiv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xviii
About theAuthor xx
1 Multilingualism: Past and Present 1
1.1 GlobalizationandMigration 2
1.1.1 Foreign-BornPopulations 3
1.1.2 ForeignPopulations 5
1.1.3 ForeignPopulationInflow 6
1.1.4 SourceCountries 7
1.1.5 Summary 9
1.2 MultilingualisminUrbanAreas 11
1.2.1 LondonandHamburg 12
1.2.2 TorontoandVancouver 13
1.2.3 NewYorkCityandSanFrancisco 15
1.2.4 Sydney,Melbourne,andAuckland 16
1.2.5 Singapore,HongKong,andDubai 17
1.2.6 Summary 20
1.3 TheRediscoveryofMultilingualism 21
1.3.1 PrehistoricMultilingualism 22
1.3.2 MultilingualKingdomsandEmpires 24
1.3.3 NationsandNationStates 25
1.3.4 Summary 27
1.4 MonolingualandMultilingualUpbringingandEducation 28
1.4.1 TheReassessmentofBilingualismandMultilingualism 28
1.4.2 MonolingualandMultilingualIdeologiesandEnvironments 31
1.4.3 HomogenizationandConvergence 33
1.4.4 Summary 35
1.5 TheHierarchyofLanguagesandtheSpecialRoleofEnglish 35
1.6 ANoteonTerminology 38
1.7 TargetAudienceandStructureoftheBook 40
1.8 ChapterSummary 43
vii
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viii Contents
2 On Advantages and Effects of MultilingualDevelopment 44
2.1 ExecutiveFunctionandCognitiveReserve 45
2.1.1 ExecutiveFunction(Control) 45
2.1.2 CognitiveReserve 47
2.1.3 ControversialIssues 47
2.1.4 Summary 49
2.2 CognitiveDevelopmentandEducationalAttainment 50
2.2.1 Language,Competence,andPerformance 51
2.2.2 LanguageCompetenceLevels(Thresholds) 52
2.2.3 LanguageInterdependence 54
2.2.4 Summary 55
2.3 MetalinguisticAwareness 56
2.3.1 TypesofMetalinguisticAwareness 58
2.3.2 MetalinguisticAwarenessandLanguageProficiency 59
2.3.3 PredictorsofMetalinguisticAwareness 60
2.3.4 Summary 61
2.4 ChapterSummary 62
3 Cross-Linguistic Influence 64
3.1 ConceptionsofCross-LinguisticInfluence 65
3.1.1 TransferandCross-LinguisticInfluence 65
3.1.2 Cross-LinguisticInfluenceandLanguageInterdependence 69
3.1.3 AdditionalLanguageAcquisitionasLanguageContact 71
3.1.4 Summary 74
3.2 ThirdLanguageAcquisition 74
3.2.1 DifferencesandSimilaritiesbetweenSecondandThird
LanguageAcquisition 75
3.2.2 InfluencesandInteractionsacrossandbetweenLanguages 77
3.2.3 AcquisitionTrajectories 81
3.2.4 Summary 82
3.3 ModelsofCross-LinguisticInfluence 83
3.3.1 TransferfromtheFirstLanguage 83
3.3.2 L2StatusFactor 85
3.3.3 TypologicalProximity 86
3.3.4 LinguisticProximity 88
3.3.5 CumulativeEnhancement 89
3.3.6 Summary 90
3.4 HeritageBilingualismandLanguageDominance 90
3.4.1 LinguisticFactors 92
3.4.2 Extra-LinguisticFactors 93
3.4.3 Summary 94
3.5 ChapterSummary 94
4 Language Developmentin Multilingual Settings 96
4.1 ObjectivesofLanguageDevelopment 97
4.1.1 LanguageProficienciesversusGrammaticalandLexicalKnowledge 97
4.1.2 TypeofBilingualismandLanguageKnowledge 100
4.1.3 Summary 102
4.2 DevelopmentofLanguageProficiencies 102
4.2.1 ObjectiveMeasures 102
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Contents ix
4.2.2 Self-assessedMeasures 105
4.2.3 Summary 107
4.3 DevelopmentofGrammaticalandLexicalKnowledge 107
4.3.1 Morphosyntax 109
4.3.2 Vocabulary 112
4.3.3 Phonology 113
4.3.4 Summary 114
4.4 BilingualHeritageSpeakers 115
4.4.1 EnglishLanguageProficiencies 115
4.4.2 Determiners 120
4.4.3 Subject–VerbAgreement 124
4.4.4 TenseandAspect 129
4.4.5 WordOrder 132
4.4.6 LexicalCross-LinguisticInfluence 137
4.4.7 Summary 140
4.5 LanguagePedagogies 141
4.5.1 MonolingualPedagogies 142
4.5.2 MultilinguallyAwarePedagogies 144
4.5.3 Summary 146
4.6 ChapterSummary 146
5 Multilingual LanguagePolicies, Identities, andAttitudes 148
5.1 LanguageIdeologies,Policy,andPlanning 149
5.2 Europe,NorthAmerica,andAustralasia 152
5.2.1 Europe 153
5.2.2 NorthAmerica 156
5.2.3 AustraliaandNewZealand 160
5.2.4 Summary 162
5.3 Africa,Asia,andtheMiddleEast 162
5.3.1 Africa 163
5.3.2 Asia 165
5.3.3 MiddleEast 170
5.3.4 Summary 171
5.4 Identity,Ideology,Capital,andInvestment 172
5.5 MultilingualIdentities,Hybridity,andLanguageAttitudes 175
5.6 ChapterSummary 177
6 The New Englishesin Their Multilingual Ecologies 179
6.1 TheMultilingualEcologiesEmbeddingtheNewEnglishes 180
6.2 MultilingualStrands,MigrationStrands,andTransnationalMigration 183
6.3 SingaporeandSingaporeEnglish 186
6.3.1 HistoricalMultilingualism 186
6.3.2 SocietalMultilingualism 191
6.3.3 SingaporeEnglish 199
6.3.4 Summary 203
6.4 HongKongandHongKongEnglish 204
6.4.1 HistoricalMultilingualism 204
6.4.2 SocietalMultilingualism 206
6.4.3 HongKongEnglish 210
6.4.4 Summary 210
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