Monitoring of Air Pollutants: Sampling, Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques

384 Pages·2016·20.98 MB·English

by  Forbes P.

Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry
Volume 70
Monitoring of Air Pollutants: Sampling,
Sample Preparation and Analytical
Techniques
Advisory Board
JosephA.Caruso
UniversityofCincinnati,Cincinnati,OH,USA
HendrikEmons
Joint ResearchCentre,Geel, Belgium
GaryHieftje
Indiana University,Bloomington,IN,USA
KiyokatsuJinno
ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology,Toyohashi, Japan
Uwe Karst
UniversityofMu¨nster,Mu¨nster,Germany
Gyro¨gyMarko-Varga
AstraZeneca,Lund, Sweden
JanuszPawliszyn
UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ont.,Canada
Susan Richardson
USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens,GA,USA
Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry
Volume 70
Monitoring of Air
Pollutants: Sampling,
Sample Preparation and
Analytical Techniques
Edited by
Patricia B.C. Forbes
University of Pretoria, Pretoria
AMSTERDAMl BOSTONlHEIDELBERGl LONDON
NEWYORKlOXFORDlPARISl SANDIEGO
SANFRANCISCOl SINGAPOREl SYDNEYlTOKYO
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Contributors to Volume 70
J.Aherne,EnvironmentalandResourceStudies,TrentUniversity,Peterborough,ON,
Canada
Saba Asl-Hariri, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
Johan Paul Beukes, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Faculty of
Natural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom,
South Africa
Elina Bastos Carama˜o, Nucleo de Estudos Coloidais, Universidade Tiradentes e
UNIT, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio
Grande doSuleUFRGS,PortoAlegre,RioGrande doSul,Brazil
Gisele Ol´ımpio da Rocha, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia e
UFBA,Salvador,Bahia,Brazil
Pe´roladeCastroVasconcellos,InstituteofChemistry,UniversityofSa˜oPauloeUSP,
Sa˜oPaulo, StateofSa˜oPaulo,Brazil
Marcell Dunn, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West
University,PotchefstroomCampus,Potchefstroom,SouthAfrica
Patricia B.C. Forbes, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences, UniversityofPretoria,Pretoria,South Africa
Hong Geng,InstituteofEnvironmentalScience,ShanxiUniversity,Taiyuan,China
Dar´ıo Go´mez, Comisio´n Nacional de Energ´ıa Ato´mica, Gerencia Qu´ımica, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
Jonathan Grandy, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
DhrubajyotiGupta,Department ofChemistry,InhaUniversity,Incheon,Korea
JasonS.Herrington,InnovationsGroupRestekCorporation,Bellefonte,PA,USA
Kerneels Jaars, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West
University,PotchefstroomCampus,Potchefstroom,SouthAfrica
Miroslav Josipovic, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West
University,PotchefstroomCampus,Potchefstroom,SouthAfrica
Laiza Canielas Krause, Nucleo de Estudos Coloidais, Universidade Tiradentes e
UNIT,Aracaju,Sergipe,Brazil
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xiv ContributorstoVolume70
Eve M. Kroukamp, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Spectrum Analytical
Facility,UniversityofJohannesburg,Johannesburg,SouthAfrica
Lauri Laakso, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West
University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Finnish
MeteorologicalInstitute,Helsinki,Finland
C.M.B. Lehmann, National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Illinois State Water
Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Champaign,IL,USA
Maria Elisabete Machado, Instituteof Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande
doSuleUFRGS,PortoAlegre,RioGrande doSul,Brazil
Janusz Pawliszyn, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
J.J. Pienaar, Unit for Environmental Research and Management, Faculty of Natural
Sciences,North-West-University,Potchefstroom,SouthAfrica
Chul-UnRo,DepartmentofChemistry,InhaUniversity,Incheon,Korea
Egmont R. Rohwer, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences,UniversityofPretoria,Pretoria, SouthAfrica
Patricia Smichowski, Comisio´n Nacional de Energ´ıa Ato´mica, Gerencia Qu´ımica,
Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas y
Te´cnicas(CONICET),BuenosAires,Argentina
FatkhullaK.Tadjimukhamedov,USPharmacopeialConvention,Rockville,MD,USA
Ville Vakkari,FinnishMeteorologicalInstitute,Helsinki,Finland
LeandrivanderWat,DepartmentofChemistry,FacultyofNaturalandAgricultural
Sciences,UniversityofPretoria,Pretoria, SouthAfrica
PieterGideonVanZyl,UnitforEnvironmentalSciencesandManagement,Facultyof
Natural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom,
SouthAfrica
Andrew Derick Venter, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-
WestUniversity,PotchefstroomCampus,Potchefstroom,SouthAfrica
Series Editor’s Preface
I am delighted to introduce this new CAC title edited by Patricia Forbes on
Monitoring of Air Pollutants: Sampling, sample preparation and analytical
techniques. This book is an excellent addition to the CAC series and it
reinforces our interest to expand analytical chemistry to other fields, like air
qualitymonitoring.Sincethemid-1990swehadCACbooksonenvironmental
analyticalchemistryappliedtowater,sedimentsand/orbiologicalsamples,but
no one was focused on the challenges of analysing air pollutants.
Thevolumethatyouhavenowinyourhandscoversthemainpillarsofair
pollutants monitoring in 12 chapters. Six chapters address sampling tech-
niques. It is well recognised that sampling air pollutants requires specific
instrumentationascomparedtoaquatic,solidorbiologicalsamples.Different
air sampling devices, including biomonitoring with lichens or moss, or high
volume and continuous monitoring systems are described here. The second
part of the book has four chapters on spectroscopic, chromatographic, mass
spectrometric as well as microscopic and surface analytical methodologies.
Patricia, as editor, wrote the first and final chapters of this book reporting
perspectives as well as the future outlook in this field.
Thebookoffersacomprehensiveviewoftheanalyticalmethodologiesfor
airpollutants.Itisausefultoolfornewcomersandpractitionersthatwantto
be introduced in this new field of research. But also can serve other disci-
plines, like environmental epidemiology needing air monitoring data to
establishhumanpopulationrisks.Severalknowledge’ssphereslikeanalytical
chemistry, environmental chemistry and ecological risk assessment with
humanriskassessmentareintegratedwithinthisbook.Thefinalmessageisa
better understanding of the air pollution problems at global scale. In this
respect, air pollution bringstheissue to thepublic’s attention,as the impacts
on human health can create media interest and pressure for government
response.Asthefrequencyandintensityofhighairpollutionlevelsincreases
aroundtheworld,i.e.,heavytrafficepisodesatmegacities,researchersshould
focusoncreatingreliabledatathathelpgovernmentsreducetheburdenofair
pollution.
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xvi SeriesEditor’sPreface
Finally I would like to thank especially Patricia for the amount of work,
timeandexpertisedevotedaseditorofthebook.Iwouldliketoacknowledge
as well the various well-known authors for their contributions in compiling
such a world-class and timely book for the CAC series.
D. Barcelo´
IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona and ICRA, Girona, 2 September 2015
Editor in Chief of the Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry Series
Preface
The importance of monitoring pollutants in ambient air arises from the link-
ages which have been found between these air pollutants and both human
healthandenvironmentaleffects.Inordertocorrectlyelucidatesuchexposure
and effect relationships and to understand temporal and spatial concentration
fluctuations, the concentrations of the air pollutants need to be accurately
determined. It is therefore vital that both sampling and analysis of these
compounds are performed methodically, with due consideration to best
practice and analytical quality control procedures.
In terms of monitoring ambient air pollutants, two options are possible:
either the target analyte is identified prior to sampling, or the potential com-
ponentsintheairsamplewhicharerelevanttotheoutcomeofthemonitoring
campaign are not known beforehand. In each case (targeted vs nontargeted
monitoring, respectively), a different approach in terms of sampling and
analysis will be appropriate in order to ensure that scientifically sound
conclusions can be drawn from the results obtained.
The aim of the monitoring campaign will also impact on the choice of
analytical technique, as the requirements for monitoring ambient air for
legislativecompliancereportingaretypicallywelldefined,forexample,whilst
researchstudiesmayallowformoreflexibilityinthechoiceofmethodologies
and for explorative analytical method development. In addition, pollutants
maybeemittedintotheairfromarangeofnaturalandanthropogenicsources.
Sourceapportionmentisneededtounderstandtherelativecontributionofeach
sourcetotheambientairconcentrations,andthismaybefacilitatedbytheuse
of sophisticated analytical protocols for atmospheric samples.
Analyticalchemistryisarapidlyevolvingfield,withnewtechnologiesand
improvements in existing techniques driving the science forward. This results
inthepotentialtodetectawiderrangeofcompoundsateverdecreasinglevels,
withmoreaccuracyandselectivity.Consequently,theambitofenvironmental
pollutants of potential concern with respect to human health and the
environmentisfluid.Inaddition,theproductionanduseofnewcompounds,as
well as the development of new industrial processes and emission abatement
processesforexistingtechnologies,leadstochangingfocusintermsofwhich
ambientairpollutantsreceivethemostattentionfromthescientificcommunity
and regulators alike.
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