Molecular Basis of Nutrition and Aging: A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series

786 Pages·2016·9.25 MB·English

by  Marco Malavolta PhD

MOLECULAR BASIS OF NUTRITION AND AGING
A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series
This pageintentionallyleftblank
MOLECULAR BASIS
OF NUTRITION
AND AGING
A Volume in the Molecular
Nutrition Series
Edited by
M M
ARCO ALAVOLTA
TranslationalResearchCenteronNutritionandAgeing,
ScientificandTechnologicPole,INRCA,Ancona,Italy
E M
UGENIO OCCHEGIANI
TranslationalResearchCenteronNutritionandAgeing,
ScientificandTechnologicPole,INRCA,Ancona,Italy
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON
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SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO
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Contents
List of Contributors xiii Conclusion 19
Introduction to the Molecular Basis of References 19
Nutrition and Aging xix
Series Preface xxiii 3. Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics:
Acknowledgments xxv The Basis of Molecular Nutrition 21
JEAN-BENOITCORCUFFANDAKSAMJ.MERCHED
Introduction 21
I NutrigeneticsofOmega-3PUFAinCVD 22
NutrigeneticsofOmega-3PUHAinCancer 24
INTRODUCTORYASPECTS ON DNADamageandNutrients 25
CellularSenescenceandNutrients 27
AGING AND NUTRITION
EpigeneticsandNutrients 27
SummaryPoints 28
References 28
1. Molecular and Cellular Basis of Aging 3
SURESHI.S.RATTAN
4. Diet and Longevity Phenotype 31
Introduction 3
FRANCESCOVILLA,CHIARACARMELASPINELLIAND
BiologicalPrinciplesofAging 4 ANNIBALEA.PUCA
Occurrence,Accumulation,andConsequencesofMolecular
Damage 4 Introduction 31
HomeodynamicsandtheHomeodynamicSpace 5 MainText 32
NutritionandFoodforAgingInterventions 6 Summary 37
NutritionalHormetins 6 References 38
Conclusions 7
SummaryPoints 7 5. Nutrition in the Elderly: General Aspects 41
References 7
EUGENIOMOCCHEGIANI
Introduction 43
2. Unraveling Stochastic Aging Processes MalnutritionintheElderly:DefinitionandGeneralAspects 44
in Mouse Liver: Dissecting Biological from CausesofMalnutritionintheElderly 45
Malnutrition:PossibleCorrectionwithSupplements
Chronological Age 11
intheElderly 46
L.W.M.VANKERKHOF,J.L.A.PENNINGS,T.GUICHELAAR, Nutrient-SensingPathways 47
R.V.KUIPER,M.E.T.DOLLE´ANDH.VANSTEEG Nutrient-GeneInteractionintheElderly(Nutrigenomic
Approach) 49
Introduction 12
ConclusionsandPerspectives 50
PathologicalParametersAreOnlyPartiallyAssociated
SummaryPoints 51
withChronologicalAge 13
Acknowledgments 52
IntraorganSpecificBiologicalPhenotypes 15
References 52
Tissue-SpecificBiologicalPhenotypes 16
GeneExpressionProfilesRelatedtoPathologicalAging
Parameters 16 6. Nutrition in the Hospitalized Elderly 57
GeneExpressionProfilesCorrelatingwithPathological
WAFAAMOSTAFAABD-EL-GAWADANDDOHARASHEEDY
ParametersAreLargelySpecifictothePathological
Parameters 18 Introduction 57
FuturePerspectives 18 PathogenesisofMalnutritioninHospitalizedElderly 58
v
vi
CONTENTS
WhyAreHospitalizedOlderAdultsNutritionally II
Vulnerable? 58
ClinicalConsequencesofMalnutritioninHospital 60 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR
MalnutritionScreeningandAssessmentinHospitalized TARGETS
Elderly 61
ManagementofHospitalization-AssociatedMalnutrition 64
PostdischargePlan 67
10. Telomeres, Aging, and Nutrition 129
NutritionalIssuesinSpecialGroupsoftheHospitalized
ElderlyPopulation 68 VARINDERPALDHILLON,CAROLINEBULLANDMICHAELFENECH
Recommendations 69
Conclusion 69 Introduction 129
Summary 69 TelomeresandAging 131
References 70 NutritionandTelomeres 132
KnowledgeGaps 137
Conclusion 137
7. Drug(cid:1)Nutrient Interactions in the Elderly 73 Summary 137
References 137
SULAIMANSULTAN,ZOEHEISANDARSHADJAHANGIR
Introduction 75
11. mTOR, Nutrition, and Aging 141
TypesofDrug(cid:1)NutritionInteractions 75
FactorsAffectingDNIintheElderly 79 GIUSEPPED’ANTONA
EffectofDrugsonNutritionalStatusinElderly 82
DrugInteractionswithVitaminsSupplements MechanisticTargetofRapamycin 141
intheElderly 82 NutrientsandEnergyStatusasUpstreamRegulators
Drug(cid:1)HerbInteractionsintheElderly 95 ofmTORC1andmTORC2 142
DNIintheElderly:ChallengesandFuture DownstreamTargetsofmTORC1andmTORC2 147
Directions 95 mTORinSenescence 149
Summary 103 EffectsofmTORC1inAge-RelatedDiseases 150
References 104 Summary 152
References 153
8. Nutritional Biomarkers of Aging 109
12. Lipid Peroxidation, Diet, and the
ANNESIEPELMEYER,ANTJEMICKA,ANDREASSIMMAND Genotoxicology of Aging 155
JU¨RGENBERNHARDT
PETRGRU´Z
Introduction 109
TheAntioxidantNetwork 110 Introduction 156
Discussion 114 FlexibleFattyAcidCompositionofHumanCells 156
NutritionalBiomarkersofAging 116 LipidPeroxidationandItsConsequencesforGenomeStability 160
Conclusion 118 ProtectiveMechanismsAgainstLipidPeroxidation 164
Summary 118 ResistancetoOxidativeDamageinLong-LivedSpecies 166
References 119 ConcludingRemarks 167
Summary 168
References 168
9. Food Preferences in the Elderly:
Molecular Basis 121
13. Accumulation of Damage Due to Lifelong
LORENZOM.DONINI,ELEONORAPOGGIOGALLEAND Exposure to Environmental Pollution as Dietary
VALERIADELBALZO
Target in Aging 177
Introduction:TheConceptofNutritionalFrailty 121
GABBIANELLIROSITA,FEDELIDONATELLAANDNASUTICINZIA
PhysiologicalModificationsLeadingtoReducedEnergy
and/orNutrientIntake 122 Introduction 177
ModificationsofChemosensoryFunctionsandFood Xenobiotics 178
PreferencesintheElderly 123 Pyrethroids 179
ModificationsofClinicalandNutritionalStatusLeading AcuteandChronicExposure 180
toChangesinFoodPreferences 123 EarlyLifeExposureandLong-TermEffects 180
OtherDeterminantsofFoodChoiceandConclusions 124 BiomarkersofDamage 183
Summary 124 Summary 185
References 125 References 185
vii
CONTENTS
14. Nutritional Impact on Anabolic 17. The Controversy Around Sirtuins
and Catabolic Signaling 189 and Their Functions in Aging 227
MIKLO´SSZE´KELY,SZILVIASOO´S,ERIKAPE´TERVA´RI YUSUNANDWEIWEIDANG
ANDMA´RTABALASKO´
Introduction 228
Introduction 189 EnzymaticActivitiesofSirtuins 228
CharacteristicAge-RelatedandDiet-InducedChanges SirtuinsinNonmammalianModelOrganisms 228
inBodyMass/CompositioninRats 191 MammalianSirtuins 230
PeripheralSignaling,CentralProcessing 191 DoesOverexpressionofSirtuinsExtendLifespan? 232
Diet-InducedChangesofBodyMass/Composition 196 DoSirtuinsMediatetheLongevityEffects
Conclusions 199 ofCalorieRestriction? 234
Acknowledgment 200 IsResveratrolaSirtuinActivator? 234
Summary 200 AreSirtuinsProto-OncogenesorTumorSuppressors? 235
References 200 ThePotentialofSirtuinsasTherapeuticTargets 236
Conclusions 237
Summary 237
Acknowledgments 237
15. Aging and Its Dietary Modulation by FoxO1 References 237
Phosphorylation/Acetylation 205
DAEHYUNKIM,BYUNGP.YUANDHAEY.CHUNG 18. DNA Damage, DNA Repair,
and Micronutrients in Aging 243
Introduction 206
AlteredFoxO1TargetGenesDuringAgingandTheir MARI´AMORENO-VILLANUEVA
ModulationbyCR 207
Introduction 243
EpigeneticInfluencesonFoxO1 208
Conclusions 247
ModulationofFoxO1byCalorieRestriction 209
Summary 247
Conclusion 210
References 248
Summary 210
References 210
19. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Dietary
Phytochemicals: Implications for Successful
Brain Aging 251
16. Epigenetic Responses to Diet in Aging 213
SERGIODAVINELLI,GIOVANNISCAPAGNINI,GUIDOKOVERECH,
DIANNEFORD
MARIALUCA,CARMELACALANDRAANDVITTORIOCALABRESE
Introduction 214 Introduction 252
EpigeneticModificationoftheMammalianGenome 214
OxidativeDamageandBrainAging 252
EpigeneticAlterationsAssociatedwithAging:Possible
BrainInflammationasaFormofOxidativeStress 253
FunctionalConsequencesandRelationshiptoaGlobal NeuroprotectionofPhytochemicalsinBrainAging 254
SignatureofAging 215
NeuroprotectivePhytochemicalsandModulationofStress
TheRoleofEnvironmentalVersusGeneticFactors
SignalingPathways 256
inShapingAging-RelatedEpigeneticDrift 217
Conclusions 258
TheImpactofDietonEpigeneticAlterationsAssociated Summary 259
withAging 217
References 259
EpigeneticActionsofSpecificDietaryComponentsand
Practices 218
InterrelationshipsBetweenAge-Associatedand 20. Nutritional Modulation of Advanced
Diet-InducedEpigeneticAlterations 220 Glycation End Products 263
PotentialMechanismsThroughWhichDietCouldInduce
MA.EUGENIAGARAY-SEVILLA,CLAUDIALUEVANO-CONTRERAS
EpigeneticAlterationsThatProtectAgainstAging 221
ANDKARENCHAPMAN-NOVAKOFSKI
TheFunctionalConsequencesofStemCellAging
andtheRoleofEpigeneticAlterations 222 Introduction 263
SirtuinsasMediatorsofDiet-InducedEpigenetic AGEsFormationInVivo 264
AlterationsThatCounteractAging 222 FormationofDietaryAGEs 265
TheUtilityofEpigeneticAlterationsasa MethodsforMeasuringAGEs 265
NutritionallyModifiableMarkerofthe Absorption,Metabolism,andEliminationofdAGEs 266
AgingTrajectory 223 MolecularAction 267
Summary 223 AGEsandNormalAging 268
References 223 AGEsandChronicDiseasesAssociatedwithOlderAge 269
viii
CONTENTS
DietaryInterventionsfordAGEs 271 MolecularBasisandModifiableRiskFactors
Summary 273 ofCardiovascularDisease 316
References 273 Nutrients,FoodsandASCVDRiskFactors 316
FunctionalFoods 322
DietaryPatternsandClinicalOutcomes 324
21. miRNAs as Nutritional Targets in Aging 277
MedicalNutritionTherapyforManagement
ROBINA.McGREGORANDDAEY.SEO ofCardiovascularRiskFactors 326
Summary 326
Introduction 277 References 327
miRNABiogenesisandProcessing 278
CirculatingmiRNAs 278
AgingAssociatedmiRNAsinDifferentTissues 279 24. The Influences of Dietary Sugar and Related
DietaryModificationofmiRNAs 280 Metabolic Disorders on Cognitive Aging
miRNAsModulatedbyProtein 280 and Dementia 331
miRNAsModulatedbyCarbohydrates 280
miRNAsModulatedbyDietaryFatandFattyAcids 281 SHYAMSEETHARAMAN
miRNAModulationbyDietaryMicronutrients 282
Introduction 331
miRNAModulationbyVitaminD 282
TheInfluenceofDietarySugaronBrainandCognitive
miRNAModulationbyFolate 283
Impairment 332
miRNAModulationbyVitaminA 283
MetabolicDisorders 334
miRNAModulationbyVitaminC 284
MetabolicDisordersandBrainAging 335
miRNAModulationbyVitaminE 284
DementiaandMetabolicDisturbances 337
miRNAModulationbyDietaryMinerals 284
DietandBrainHealth 339
miRNAModulationbyFlavonoids 285
Conclusions 340
miRNAModulationbyPolyphenols 285
FinalRemarks 340
miRNAsModulatedbyCurcumin 286
Summary 340
miRNAsModulatedbyMilk 286
References 341
Conclusion 287
Summary 287
Acknowledgments 287 25. Dietary Factors Affecting Osteoporosis
References 287 and Bone Health in the Elderly 345
PAWELGLIBOWSKI
22. Nutritional Modulators of Cellular Senescence
In Vitro 293 Introduction 345
Osteoporosis 345
MAUROPROVINCIALI,ELISAPIERPAOLI,FRANCESCOPIACENZA, DietaryReferenceValuesforCalcium 346
ROBERTINAGIACCONI,LAURACOSTARELLI,ANDREABASSO,
FoodSourcesofCalcium 347
RINARECCHIONI,FIORELLAMARCHESELLI,DOROTHYBRAY,
KHADIJABENLHASSANANDMARCOMALAVOLTA DietaryReferenceValuesforVitaminD 348
FoodSourcesofVitaminD 349
Introduction 294 TheEffectofDairyProductsonOsteoporosis 350
CellularSenescence 294 VitaminKandBoneHealth 351
CellularSenescenceinAgingandAge-RelatedDiseases 296 SeminutritionalFactorsAffectingOsteoporosisand
StrategiestoTargetCellularSenescencewithTherapeutical RiskofFractures 351
Perspective 297 ProteinConsumptionandBoneHealth 352
NutritionalFactorsandCellularSenescence“InVitro” 300 FutureTrends 353
CommentsandConclusions 307 Summary 353
Summary 308 References 353
References 308
26. The Aging Muscle and Sarcopenia:
III
Interaction with Diet and Nutrition 355
SYSTEM AND ORGAN TARGETS
EMANUELEMARZETTI,RICCARDOCALVANI,MATTEOTOSATO
ANDFRANCESCOLANDI
Introduction 355
23. Nutrition, Diet Quality, and Cardiovascular
Age-RelatedChangesinDietaryIntakeandEatingHabits 356
Health 315
NutritionalInterventionsAgainstSarcopeniaandFrailty:
PreliminaryConsiderations 356
LIWANG,GEETASIKANDANDNATHAND.WONG
ProteinSupplementation:AMatterofQuantityandQuality 357
Introduction 315 VitaminD 358
ix
CONTENTS
Creatine 358 30. Nutritional Status in Aging and Lung
PolyunsaturatedFattyAcids 358 Disease 411
AminoAcidMetabolitesandPrecursors:β-Hydroxy
β-MethylbutyrateandOrnithineα-Ketoglutarate 359 R.ANTONELLIINCALZI,N.SCICHILONE,S.FUSCO
ANDA.CORSONELLO
Conclusion 359
Summary 359 Introduction 412
References 360 NutritionandLungDisease:PathologicalPathways 412
NutritionalAssessmentforPulmonaryDisease 414
NutritionalInterventioninLungDisease 416
27. Nutritional Status and Gastrointestinal
Conclusions 418
Health in the Elderly 363 SummaryPoints 418
References 419
LUZIAVALENTINI,AMELIEKAHLANDANN-CHRISTINLINDENAU
Introduction 363
31. How Nutrition Affects Kidney Function
EntericNervousSystem 364
in Aging 423
TasteandSmell(Chemosensation) 364
TheAnorexiaofAging 364 CHRISTINACHRYSOHOOU,GEORGIOSA.GEORGIOPOULOS
OropharyngealCapacitiesandSwallowing 365 ANDEKAVIN.GEORGOUSOPOULOU
Esophagus,Achalasia,andGastroesophagealReflux
Disease 365 Introduction 424
Stomach,GastricEmptying,PostprandialHypotension, RenalFunctioninAging 425
andAcidSecretion 366 PolyunsaturatedFattyAcids 426
SmallBowel,NutrientAbsorption,andSmallIntestinal MediterraneanTypeofDiet 427
Permeability 366 HyperuricemiaandDiet 428
Colon,Constipation,andGutMicrobiota 368 PolyphenolsandRenalFunction 429
Conclusion 369 Summary 430
Summary 370 References 430
References 371
32. The Role of Nutrition in Age-Related
Eye Diseases 433
28. Can Nutritional Intervention Counteract
Immunosenescence in the Elderly? 375 BAMINIGOPINATH
SARAHJ.CLEMENTSANDSIMONR.CARDING Age-RelatedChangesintheEye 433
DegenerativeEyeDiseases 434
Introduction 375
TheRelationshipBetweenNutritionandHealthyOcular
AgingandtheInnateImmuneSystem 376
StructureandFunction 436
AgingandtheAdaptiveImmuneSystem 377
AntioxidantsandAge-RelatedEyeDiseases 436
TargetsofNutritionalIntervention 379
ConclusionsandRecommendations 442
CanNutritionImpactonImmuneComponents
Summary 442
AffectedbyAge? 380
References 443
Conclusions 386
Summary 386
References 386 IV
HEALTH EFFECTS OF DIETARY
29. Glucose Metabolism, Insulin, and Aging:
COMPOUNDS AND DIETARY
Role of Nutrition 393
INTERVENTIONS
MASSIMOBOEMI,GIORGIOFURLANANDMARIAP.LUCONI
AlphaandBetaCellMass 394
InsulinSecretion,Metabolism,andClearance 394 33. Vitamin D Nutrient-Gene Interactions
InsulinAction 396 and Healthful Aging 449
ALinkBetweenInsulinandCentralNervousSystem
MARKR.HAUSSLER,RIMPIK.SAINI,MARYAS.SABIR,
Aging:BrainInsulinResistance 398
CHRISTOPHERM.DUSSIK,ZAINABKHAN,G.KERRWHITFIELD,
PreventingGlucoseMetabolismAlteration 400
KRISTINP.GRIFFIN,ICHIROKANEKOANDPETERW.JURUTKA
NutritionandAging 402
Conclusions 403 VitaminD:FromNutrienttoTightlyRegulated
Summary 403 Hormone 449
References 404 TheKidneyIstheNexusofHealthfulAging 451