Table Of ContentMODERNIZATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST
The Ottoman Empire and its Afro-Asian Successors
Studies on Modernization
of the Center of International Studies
at Princeton University
The Modernization
0/Japan and Russia (1975)
The Modernization of China (1981)
The Modernization of Inner Asia (1991)
Modernization in the Middle East,
The Ottoman Empire and its Afro-Asian Successors (1992)
frittittioittiPifrittiPioioigifrio:
M
odernization
THE
in
M E
iddle ast
P i p r P T P r P i o r P T p r P i P i P i P i P i c
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
AND ITS
AFRO-AS IAN SUCCESSORS
Written under the auspices of the
Center of International Studies
and
The Program in Near Eastern Studies,
Princeton University
Cyril E. Black and L. Carl Brown, Editors
THE DARWIN PRESS, INC.
Princeton, New Jersey
USA
Copyright ©1992 by The Program in Near Eastern Studies, Princeton,
NJ 08544.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form, by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of
the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles or
reviews.
library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Modernization in the Middle East: the Ottoman empire and its Afro-Asian
successors / Cyril E. Black and L. Carl Brown, editors,
p. cm.
“Written under the auspices of the Center of International Studies
and the Program in Near Eastern Studies, Princeton University.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-87850-085-5 (alk. paper)
1. Middle East—History—1517- 2. Africa, North—History—
1517-1882. 3. Africa, North—History—1882- I. Black, Cyril
Edwin, 1915-1989. II. Brown, L. Carl (Leon Carl), 1928-
III. Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs.
Center of International Studies. IV. Princeton University. Program
in Near Eastern Studies.
DS62.4.M64 1991
956'.015—dc20 91-44788
CIP
The paper in this book is acid-free neutral PH stock and meets the
guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production
Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.
Published by
The Darwin Press, Inc.
Box 2202
Princeton, NJ 08543 usa
Printed in the United States of America
To the Memory of Cyril E. Black (1915-1989)
Colleague and Co-Editor of this book and
Modernization Studies Pioneer
CONTENTS
Contributing Authors ......................................................................... ix
A Note on Transliteration ................................................................. xi
Preface...................................................................................................xiii
Maps ................................................................................................... xv
1. General Introduction ........................................................................... 1
Part One: The Heritage of the Past .................................................. 17
2. Introduction ........................................................................................ 19
3. The International Context................................................................ 23
4. Political Structure.............................................................................. 43
5. Economic Structure and Growth .................................................... 69
6. Social Interdependence................................................................... 101
7. Knowledge and Education............................................................. 121
8. Conclusion......................................................................................... 151
Part Two: The Modernizing Transformation............................... 165
9. Introduction ..................................................................................... 167
10. International Context ..................................................................... 171
11. Political Structure............................................................................ 199
12. Economic Growth and Development ........................................... 219
13. Social Interdependence................................................................... 251
14. Education and Knowledge in the Ottoman
Successor States ........................................................................... 285
15. Conclusion......................................................................................... 311
Bibliographical Essay ..................................................................... 335
Bibliography..................................................................................... 357
Chronology ........................................................................................ 373
Index .................................................................................................. 381
Maps
Map 1 : The Ottoman Empire at the Peak of Its Power
(ca. 1683) ................................................................................. xvi
Map 2: The Ottoman Empire at the Time of The Treaty
of Berlin (1878) ..................................................................... xvii
Map 3. The Middle East Today (shaded areas are those
countries covered in this book)............................................xviii
vii
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Karl K. Barbir, Professor of History at Siena College, Loudonville,
New York, received the Ph.D. in Near Eastern Studies from Princeton
University. He is the author of Ottoman Rule in Damascus, ¡708-1758 (1980);
of a forthcoming biography of Muhammad Khalil al-Muradi ( 1760-1791),
historian and notable of Damascus; and of several articles and reviews.
Cyril E. Black (1915-1989) at the time of his death was James S.
McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of History and Inter
national Affairs Emeritus at Princeton University, where he also served
as director of the Center of International Studies for 17 years. A major
part of his long scholarly career was devoted to the study of modernization.
His The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History (1966)
set an agenda for the many scholars who followed his lead. He was as
well the individual who brought together the four volumes that have
appeared in this series, The Modernization ofJ apan and Russia (1975), The
Modernization of China (1981), The Modernization of Inner Asia (1991), and
the present work.
L. Carl Brown is Garrett Professor in Foreign Affairs and Director
of the Program in Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. He is
the co-author of Tunisia: The Politics of Modernization (1964) and author
of The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey (1974) and International Politics and the Middle
East, Old Rules, Dangerous Game (1984).
Carter Vaughn Findley is professor of history at Ohio State Univer
sity. He is the author of Bureaucratic Reßrm in the Ottoman Empire: The
Sublime Porte, 1789-1922 (1980) and co-author with John Rothney of Twen
tieth-Century World (2nd edition, 1990).
Charles Issawi, Bayard Dodge Professor of Near Eastern Studies
Emeritus at Princeton University, has written extensively on the
economics, economic history, and cultural history of the Middle East.
His most recent books are: An Economic History of the Middle East and North
Africa (1982), The Fertile Crescent (1988), and Issawi ’s Laws of Social Motion
(Enlarged Edition, 1991).
ix
X Contributing Authors
Norman Itzkowitz is professor of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton
University. He is the author of Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition (1973),
co-author of Mubadele: An Ottoman Russian Exchange ofA mbassadors (1970),
and The Immortal Atatürk: A Psychobiography (1984).
Samir Khalaf, on leave from the American University of Beirut, is
currently visiting professor of sociology at Princeton University. He is
the author, among others, of Persistence and Change in Nineteenth-Century
Lebanon (1979), Hamra of Beirut (1973), and Lebanon*s Predicament (1987).
Ergün Ozbudun is professor of Constitutional Law and Compara
tive Politics at Ankara University Law School in Turkey. Currently he
is also the President of the Turkish Political Science Association and the
Vice-President of the Turkish Democracy Foundation. He has been a
visiting professor at numerous other institutions, including Columbia
University and the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton. Among his
extensive writing on democratic politics both in Turkey and in compara
tive perspective are three books, including Social Change and Political Par
ticipation in Turkey. Among the works he has edited are The Political Economy
of Income Distribution in Turkey (with Aydin Ulusan), Atatürk: Founder of a
Modem State (with Ali Kazancigil), and Competitive Elections in Developing
Countries (with Myron Weiner).
Joseph S. Szyliowicz is professor of Middle East Studies at the
Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver. He is
the author of Politics, Technology and Development ( 1991 ), Education and Mod
ernization in the Middle East (1973), A Political Analysis of Student Activism:
The Turkish Case (1972), Political Change in Rural Turkey (1966), and co
author and co-editor of The Contemporary Middle East (1965).
