Modern Spacecraft Guidance, Navigation, and Control: From System Modeling to AI and Innovative Applications

1074 Pages·2022·13.47 MB·English

by  Vincenzo Pesce, Andrea Colagrossi, Stefano Silvestrini

M S
ODERN PACECRAFT
GUIDANCE,
NAVIGATION, AND
CONTROL
This page intentionally left blank
M S
ODERN PACECRAFT
GUIDANCE,
NAVIGATION, AND
CONTROL
FROM SYSTEM MODELING TO AI AND
INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS
Edited by
VINCENZO PESCE
AirbusD&S,AdvancedStudiesDepartment,Toulouse,France
ANDREA COLAGROSSI
Politecnico di Milano, Aerospace Science and Technology
Department, Milan, Italy
STEFANO SILVESTRINI
Politecnico di Milano, Aerospace Science and Technology
Department, Milan, Italy
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright(cid:1)2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany
means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformation
storageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailson
howtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspolicies
andourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandthe
CopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyright
bythePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand
experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professional
practices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein
evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed
herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafety
andthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessional
responsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or
editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasa
matterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofany
methods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
ISBN:978-0-323-90916-7
ForinformationonallElsevierpublicationsvisitourwebsite
athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:MatthewDeans
AcquisitionsEditor:ChiaraGiglio
EditorialProjectManager:SaraGreco
ProductionProjectManager:SuryaNarayananJayachandran
CoverDesigner:ChristianJ.Bilbow
TypesetbyTNQTechnologies
Contents
Listofcontributors xi
Biography xiii
PART 0 Introduction
1. Introduction 3
VincenzoPesce,AndreaColagrossiandStefanoSilvestrini
ModernspacecraftGNC:what,why,how,forwhom? 3
AbriefhistoricalreviewofclassicalspacecraftGNC 10
GNCterminology 13
GNCarchitecture:fromrequirementstopreliminarydesign 15
Notationrules 38
References 42
PART 1 Fundamental GNC tools
2. Reference systemsandplanetary models 45
AndreaColagrossi,StefanoSilvestriniandVincenzoPesce
Earthandplanetarymodels 46
Coordinatereferencesystems 53
Coordinatetransformations 63
Time 69
WhatisrelevantforGNC? 73
References 75
3. The space environment 77
AndreaCapannolo,EmanuelePaolini,AndreaColagrossi,VincenzoPesce
andStefanoSilvestrini
Perturbationsources 78
Externalperturbations 79
Externalperturbationsmodelingguidelines 97
Internalperturbations 100
Internalperturbationsmodelingguidelines 123
WhatisrelevantforGNC? 124
References 126
j
v
vi Contents
4. Orbitaldynamics 131
AndreaCapannolo,StefanoSilvestrini,AndreaColagrossiand
VincenzoPesce
Two-bodyproblem 132
Three-bodyproblem 161
Irregularsolarsystembodies 170
Relativeorbitaldynamics 174
References 204
5. Attitude dynamics 207
AurelianoRivolta,AndreaColagrossi,VincenzoPesceand
StefanoSilvestrini
Attitudekinematics 208
Attitudedynamics 227
Three-bodyproblemattitudedynamics 248
Relativeattitudedynamics 249
Multibodyspacecraftdynamics 250
References 252
6. Sensors 253
AndreaColagrossi,VincenzoPesce,StefanoSilvestrini,
DavidGonzalez-Arjona,PabloHermosinandMatteoBattilana
SensormodelingforGNC 254
Sensorfaults 275
Orbitsensors 276
Attitudesensors 286
Inertialsensors 306
Electro-opticalsensors 322
Altimeters 330
References 334
7. Actuators 337
AndreaColagrossi,LisaWhittle,VincenzoPesce,StefanoSilvestriniand
MatteoBattilana
ActuatormodelingforGNC 338
Thrusters 344
Reactionwheels 354
Controlmomentgyros 366
Magnetorquers 369
References 375
Contents vii
PART 2 Spacecraft GNC
8. Guidance 381
ThomasPeters,StefanoSilvestrini,AndreaColagrossiandVincenzoPesce
Whatisguidance? 381
On-boardversusground-basedguidance 382
Guidanceapplications 385
Guidanceimplementationbestpractices 438
References 438
9. Navigation 441
VincenzoPesce,PabloHermosin,AurelianoRivolta,ShyamBhaskaran,
StefanoSilvestriniandAndreaColagrossi
Whatisnavigation? 441
On-boardversusground-basednavigation 443
Sequentialfilters 445
Batchestimation 461
Absoluteorbitnavigation 470
Absoluteattitudenavigation 488
Relativenavigation 504
Imageprocessingtechniques 507
Navigationbudgets 528
Navigationimplementationbestpractices 533
References 540
10. Control 543
FrancescoCavenago,AurelianoRivolta,EmanuelePaolini,
FrancescoSanfedino,AndreaColagrossi,StefanoSilvestriniand
VincenzoPesce
Whatiscontrol? 543
Controldesign 545
Reviewofcontrolmethods 592
Controlbudgets 618
Controlimplementationbestpractices 626
References 629
11. FDIRdevelopment approaches in space systems 631
MassimoTipaldi,StefanoSilvestrini,VincenzoPesceandAndreaColagrossi
FDIRinspacemissions,terms,anddefinitions 633
CurrentFDIRsystemdevelopmentprocessandindustrialpractices 637
viii Contents
FDIRsystemhierarchicalarchitectureandoperationalconcepts 639
FDIRsystemimplementationinEuropeanSpacemissions 641
FDIRsystemverificationandvalidationapproach 642
FDIRconceptandfunctionalarchitectureinGNCapplications:ashortoverview 642
References 645
12. GNC verificationand validation 647
FrancescoPace,EmanuelePaolini,FrancescoSanfedino,DanielAlazard,
AndreaColagrossi,VincenzoPesceandStefanoSilvestrini
Whyitisimportant? 648
Statisticalmethods 652
MILtest 656
SIL/PILtest 667
HILtest 677
In-orbittest 682
References 683
13. On-board implementation 685
DavidGonzalez-Arjona,VincenzoPesce,AndreaColagrossiand
StefanoSilvestrini
Spacecraftavionics 686
On-boardprocessingavionics 694
On-boardimplementationalternatives 700
On-boardimplementationandverification 705
References 711
PART 3 AI and modern applications
14. Applicative GNC cases and examples 715
StefanoSilvestrini,AndreaColagrossi,EmanuelePaolini,
AurelianoRivolta,AndreaCapannolo,VincenzoPesce,ShyamBhaskaran,
FrancescoSanfedinoandDanielAlazard
AOCSdesign 717
Orbitalcontrolsystem 730
Attitudecontrolsystem 742
RelativeGNC 775
On-boardsensorprocessing 791
Contents ix
Irregularsolarsystembodiesflyaround 803
GNCforplanetarylanding 806
References 814
15. Modern Spacecraft GNC 819
StefanoSilvestrini,LorenzoPasqualettoCassinis,RobertHinz,
DavidGonzalez-Arjona,MassimoTipaldi,PierluigiVisconti,FilippoCorradino,
VincenzoPesceandAndreaColagrossi
AIinspacedIntroduction 821
Artificialintelligenceandnavigation 867
ValidationofAI-basedsystems 883
Reinforcementlearning 890
AIusecases 906
AIon-boardprocessors 923
InnovativetechniquesforhighlyautonomousFDIRinGNCapplications 925
Smallsatellites/CubeSats 938
References 971
Furtherreading 981
16. Mathematical andgeometrical rules 983
AndreaCapannolo,AurelianoRivolta,AndreaColagrossi,
VincenzoPesceandStefanoSilvestrini
Matrixalgebra 983
Vectoridentities 991
Quaternionalgebra 994
Basicsofstatistics 1000
ECI-ECEFtransformation 1002
References 1006
17. Dynamical systemstheory 1007
FrancescoCavenago,AndreaColagrossi,StefanoSilvestriniand
VincenzoPesce
State-spacemodels 1007
Discrete-timesystems 1009
Transferfunctions 1011
References 1015