Modeling of Land-Use and Ecological Dynamics

196 Pages·2013·6.061 MB·English

by  Danny Czamanski, Itzhak Benenson (auth.), Dan Malkinson, Danny Czamanski, Itzhak Benenson (eds.)

Cities and Nature
Dan Malkinson
Danny Czamanski
Itzhak Benenson E ditors
Modeling of
Land-Use and
Ecological
Dynamics
Cities and Nature
Series Editors
Danny Czamanski, Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Itzhak Benenson, Department of Geography and Human Environment, Tel-Aviv
University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Henk Folmer, Department of Economic Geography, University of Groningen,
Groningen, The Netherlands
ElenaIrwin,Agricultural,EnvironmentalandDevelopmentEconomics,TheOhio
State University, Colombus, Ohio, USA
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/10068
.
Dan Malkinson (cid:129) Danny Czamanski (cid:129)
Itzhak Benenson
Editors
Modeling of Land-Use
and Ecological Dynamics
Editors
DanMalkinson DannyCzamanski
GeographyandEnvironmentalStudies FacultyofArchitecture
andTheGolanResearchInstitute andTownPlanning
UniversityofHaifa Technion-IsraelInstituteofTechnology
Haifa,Israel Haifa,Israel
ItzhakBenenson
DepartmentofGeographyand
HumanEnvironment
Tel-AvivUniversity
TelAviv,Israel
ISBN978-3-642-40198-5 ISBN978-3-642-40199-2(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-40199-2
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013956426
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Preface
Following the publication of our review paper concerned with the interaction of
urban spatial evolution and ecosystems in 2008 (Czamanski et al. 2008) we
received considerable reactions that included some criticism, doubts and much
encouragement. We decided to start a major research project to place the various
claims on a sound scientific basis. We were fortunate to receive funding from the
IsraelScienceFoundationandfromthegovernmentofLowerSaxony.Soonafter,
we signed contracts to publish two books in a new series to be published by
Springer andentitledCities andNature.Thisedited volume is the first ofthe two
books.
Our aim was to study the phenomena highlighted in our review paper and to
presentourresultsinonebook.Inparticular,wesetouttoexploretheinteractions
among the evolution of urban built areas, urban and peri-urban agriculture, open
space networks and biodiversity. Among other activities, we decided to invite a
groupofscholarstoaddressthesameissues,toexploretheirfindingsandtopublish
them in an edited volume. In 2010 we were successful to obtain funding for an
extended workshop to be held at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in
earlyOctober2011.ForthiswearegratefultotheAzrieliFund.Thecontributorsto
theeditedvolumewereaskedtopresentattheworkshoptheirinitialchapters.After
the workshop the chapters underwent major revisions and review process. The
chaptersinthisvolumerepresentthefruitsofthiseffort.
Theparticipantsintheworkshopsincluded11scholarsfromEuropeandNorth
America. Each participant presented their workand receivedextensive comments
fromotherparticipantsandtheeditors.Thechaptersweresubmittedandunderwent
anotherroundofreview,commentsandcorrections.Wearegratefultotheauthors
fortheirwillingnesstoparticipateintheprolongedreviewandcorrectionsprocess.
Wearecertainthattheresultsprovideaninterestingplatformforcontinuedstudyof
theinteractionsofcitiesandnatureandaworthyfoiltoourupcomingvolumethat
exploresthesameissuesasaresultofourmajorresearcheffort.
v
vi Preface
Reference
Czamanski, D., Benenson, I., Malkinson, D., Marinov, M., Roth, R., & Wittenberg, L. (2008).
Urban dynamics and ecosystems. International Review of Environmental and Resource
Economics,2,1–45.
Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
DannyCzamanski,ItzhakBenenson,andDanMalkinson
TheImpactofLand-UsePolicyonUrbanFringeDynamics. . . . . . . . . 9
EricKoomenandJasperDekkers
Long-TermChangesintheConfigurationofAgriculture
andNaturalAreasAroundCitiesintheNetherlands(1900–1990). . . . . 37
ErezHatnaandMarthaM.Bakker
InvestigatingLand-UseDynamicsatthePeripheryofa
Fast-GrowingCitywithCellularAutomataatTwoSpatialScales. . . . . 51
DanielleJ.Marceau,FangWang,andNishadWijesekara
TheSpatialMorphologyofOporto’sUrbanFringe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
MiguelSerraandPauloPinho
VascularPlantSpeciesRichnessPatternsinUrbanEnvironments:
CaseStudiesfromHannover,GermanyandHaifa,Israel. . . . . . . . . . . 107
SarahMatthies,DaniellaKopel,StefanRu¨ter,MarinaToger,Ru¨digerPrasse,
DanielCzamanski,andDanMalkinson
FutureSuburbanDevelopmentandtheEnvironmental
ImplicationsofLawns:ACaseStudyinNewEngland,USA. . . . . . . . . 119
DanielMillerRunfola,ColinPolsky,NickGiner,RobertGilmorePontiusJr.,
andCraigNicolson
LandUse-LandCoverDynamicsattheMetropolitanFringe. . . . . . . . . 143
DanielFelsenstein,MichalLichter,EyalAshbel,andA.YairGrinberger
LichensandPlantsinUrbanEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
GregoryE.InsarovandIrinaD.Insarova
vii
Introduction
DannyCzamanski,ItzhakBenenson,andDanMalkinson
Thedrivingideasatthebackdropofthecurrentdiscussionofurbanization,sprawl
and sustainability is the notion that urbanization is associated with low-density
sprawl(DuanyandTalen2002;Sushinskyetal.2013)andthatsprawlreducesthe
amount of open spaces, fragments open spaces (Forman 1995, p. 418) and as a
result adversely affects biodiversity (Fahrig 2001; Fahrig 2003; Alberti 2005;
Donnelly and Marzluff 2006; Groom et al. 2006; Theobald et al. 2012). It is far
from certain that these notions describe precisely the extant reality. While sprawl
does reduce the amount of open space within boundaries of cities and does cause
fragmentation, it does not necessarily reduce biodiversity. In some cities, the
fragmented patches of open spaces remain interconnected allowing living spaces
for plants and animals. Indeed, some view polycentric urban expansion as an
opportunity to possible amelioration of declining biodiversity (Czamanski
etal.2008).
Thereisagrowingpublicinterestintheimpactofurbanizationonsustainability
and in government actions to mitigate associated adverse repercussions on biodi-
versity. While much effort is being devoted to fashion policies, the relevant
discourseandconsequentpolicyprescriptionsarebroad,oftenvagueandobscured
bystylizedfactsandexcessivelybroadconceptionsoftherelevantphenomena.
D.Czamanski(*)
FacultyofArchitectureandTownPlanning,Technion-IsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa,
Israel
e-mail:[e-mail]
I.Benenson
DepartmentofGeographyHumanEnvironment,Tel-AvivUniversity,TelAviv,Israel
e-mail:[e-mail]
D.Malkinson
GeographyandEnvironmentalStudiesandTheGolanResearchInstitute,UniversityofHaifa,
Haifa,Israel
e-mail:[e-mail]
D.Malkinsonetal.(eds.),ModelingofLand-UseandEcologicalDynamics,Citiesand 1
Nature,DOI10.1007/978-3-642-40199-2_1,©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
2 D.Czamanskietal.
Itisthepurposeoftheproposedbooktoshedlightontheobscureandtoplace
the discussion on a solid scientific basis. The contributors to this volume are an
activegroupofscholarsthatspanvariousdisciplines,utilizeadvancedmethodsand
make use of the vast, spatially detailed data that has become available in recent
years.Theirworkmodelstherelevantphenomenapreciselyandprovidesabasisfor
carefullyfashionedalternatepolicies.
Themajorobjectivesoftheproposedbookareto:
• Describe conceptual models of the interactions among the three main types of
land-uses:urban,agriculturalandnatural.
• Characterizethedynamicsofcity-agriculture-natureinterfaces.
• Illustrate the conceptual models by means of case studies so as to reveal the
particularforcesandinteractionsthatgoverntherespectiveinterfacedynamics.
• Developandintroduceland-usepolicies,planningmeasuresandland-useplan-
ningtoolstopromotethesustainabilityofboundaryareas.
• Assesstherelationshipbetweendifferenttaxaofspeciesandthestructureofthe
urbanlandscape.
The significance of these studies should be understood in the context of the
growing urbanization of the world. In the middle of the second decade of the
twenty-first century, over 50 % of the world’s population is living in cities. This
is remarkable since the process of urbanization that brought this about started in
earnestlessthan200yearsago.Atthattime,thenumberofpeoplelivingincities
was only about 2 %. By 1900, the number of urbanites grew to 12 % (United
NationsPopulationDivision2002).Inotherwords,thelast100yearswitnesseda
huge human migrationinto cities. The slow clustering ofpeopleinto small settle-
mentsduringearlybiblicaltimes,intovillagesandtownssome3,000yearsagoand
eventually into cities some 200 years ago has given rise now to a veritable flood.
While forecasts of the world’s future urban population are marred by many
difficulties, including differences among countries in the definition of cities and
urbanareasaswellasinforecastingmethods,theUnitedNationshaspreparedsuch
forecasts.Ofthemorethan2.2billionintheworld’spopulationthatwillbeadded
until the year 2030, some 95 % will live in cities (Cohen 2003). The world’s
populationandeconomicactivitiesareincreasinglyconcentratedinspace.
Scholarlyinterestintheunevengeographicevolutionoftheworld’spopulation
andofeconomicactivitiesstartedwithvonThunen,alsoalmosttwocenturiesago
(Thu¨nen 1826). It has been growing slowly, but steadily, ever since. A major
impetusforthiswastheearlyworkofthelateWalterIsard(1956).Butthescientific
interestinurbanphenomenapeakedduringthelastdecadeofthetwentiethcentury
andthefirstyearsofthetwenty-firstcentury.Anoutburstofnewmodelsaimingto
explainthebirthsofcitiesandthedynamicprocessesgoverningtheirevolution,and
theunevengeographicdistributionofeconomicactivitiesingeneral,startedwitha
1991 paper and culminated in the award of the Nobel Prize in economics to Paul
Krugman in 2008 (Krugman 1991). Until Krugman the neoclassical explanations
for the location of cities and increasing spatial concentration of activities and
peoplewasanchoredinlocalresourceendowments,theso-calledfirst-nature.Cities
formed where there were resources creating a competitive edge. Since Krugman,