Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior

375 Pages·2004·4.87 MB·English

Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior

Foundations of Neuroscience and Behavioral Research
at the National Institutes of Health
Ingrid G. Farreras EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Caroline Hannaway EDITOR
Victoria A. Harden EDITOR
Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior
Biomedical and Health Research
Volume 62
Recently published in this series:
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Vol. 54. I.M. Shapiro, B.D. Boyan and H.C. Anderson (Eds.), The Growth Plate
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Vol. 52. J.-F. Stoltz (Ed.), Mechanobiology: Cartilage and Chondrocyte, Vol. 2
Vol. 51. G. Lebeer (Ed.), Ethical Function in Hospital Ethics Committees
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Vol. 49. T. Reilly (Ed.), Musculoskeletal Disorders in Health-Related Occupations
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Vol. 47. H. Aldskogius and J. Fraher (Eds.), Glial Interfaces in the Nervous System – Role in Repair
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Vol. 40. H. Leino-Kilpi, M. Välimäki, M. Arndt, T. Dassen, M. Gasull, C. Lemonidou, P.A. Scott, G.
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Vol. 35. M. Schlaud (Ed.), Comparison and Harmonisation of Denominator Data for Primary Health
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Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior
Foundations of Neuroscience and Behavioral Research
at the National Institutes of Health
Ingrid G. Farreras EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Caroline Hannaway EDITOR
Victoria A. Harden EDITOR
2004

Amsterdam • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, D.C.
iv
©2004, Ingrid G. Farreras and Caroline Hannaway
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CONTENTS v
Contents
Directors’ Foreword ............................................................................ ix

Thomas I. Insel
Story C. Landis
Historical Foreword .......................................................................... xiii

Gerald N. Grob
Preface ............................................................................................. xvii

Contributors ..................................................................................... xxi

Abbreviations ................................................................................. xxvii

Part I: Historical Background
Ingrid G. Farreras
Establishment of the National Institute of Mental Health ........... 3

Establishment of the National Institute of Neurological

Diseases and Blindness ......................................................... 19

Joint NIMH-NINDB Intramural Basic Research Program....... 33

NIMH Intramural Clinical Research Program .......................... 57

NINDB Intramural Clinical Research Program ........................ 65

Part II: Reviews of Research in the NIMH and the NINDB
Laboratories and Branches
Ingrid G. Farreras
Adult Psychiatry Branch, NIMH .............................................. 71

Laboratory of Biophysics, NINDB ........................................... 75
vi CONTENTS
Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, NIMH .......................... 77

Child Research Branch, NIMH ................................................ 81

Clinical Neuropharmacology Research Center, NIMH ............. 85

Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH ..................................... 89

Electroencephalography Branch, NINDB ................................. 97

Medical Neurology Branch, NINDB ...................................... 101

Laboratory of Neuroanatomical Sciences, NINDB ................. 105

Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NIMH-NINDB.................... 109

Laboratory of Neurophysiology, NIMH-NINDB .................. 115

Ophthalmology Branch, NINDB ........................................... 121

Laboratory of Psychology, NIMH........................................... 125

Laboratory of Socio-Environmental Studies, NIMH .............. 137

Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDB ...................................... 143

Part III: Scientists’ First-Person Accounts
Clinical Neurophysiology and Epilepsy in the Early Years

of the NINDB Intramural Program ....................................... 151

Cosimo Ajmone-Marsan
The Section on Aging of the Laboratory of Psychology

in the NIMH During the 1950s ............................................ 169

James E. Birren
The Early Years of the NIMH Intramural Clinical

Research Program .................................................................. 183

Robert A. Cohen
Psychopharmacology: Finding One’s Way................................... 201

Joel Elkes
My Experiences as a Research Associate in Neurophysiology

at the NIH (1958-1960)........................................................ 221

Sid Gilman
Reflections from the Pool of Bethesda ........................................ 229

Lloyd Guth
CONTENTS vii
Adult Psychiatry Research at the NIMH in the 1950s ................ 245

David A. Hamburg
Reflections on the Intramural Research Program of the

NIMH in the 1950s .............................................................. 257

Melvin L. Kohn
Psychopharmacology Research in the 1950s ............................... 267

Irwin J. Kopin
A Forty-Year Journey .................................................................. 281

Guy McKhann
The Onset of Developmental Neuroscience in Mammals ........... 287

Richard L. Sidman
The 1950s Clinical Program at the NINDB ............................... 295

Donald B. Tower
Epilogue: Bridge to the Present

Story C. Landis ........................................................................... 301

Appendices
A. NIMH and NINDB Intramural Research Program

Organizational Chart, 1950s ............................................... 306

B. NIMH and NINDB Laboratory and Branch Members ....... 307

Adult Psychiatry Branch, NIMH .................................... 307

Laboratory of Biophysics, NINDB ................................. 309

Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, NIMH ................ 309

Child Research Branch, NIMH ...................................... 310

Clinical Neuropharmacology Research Center, NIMH... 311

Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH........................... 312

Electroencephalography Branch, NINDB ...................... 314

Medical Neurology Branch, NINDB .............................. 314

Laboratory of Neuroanatomical Sciences, NINDB ......... 315
viii CONTENTS
Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NIMH-NINDB............ 317

Laboratory of Neurophysiology, NIMH-NINDB .......... 318

Ophthalmology Branch, NINDB ................................... 320

Laboratory of Psychology, NIMH .................................. 321

Laboratory of Socio-Environmental Studies, NIMH ...... 323

Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDB .............................. 324

C. NIMH and NINDB Laboratory and Branch Selected

Landmark Papers.................................................................. 327

Adult Psychiatry Branch, NIMH .................................... 327

Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, NIMH ................ 329

Child Research Branch, NIMH ...................................... 329

Clinical Neuropharmacology Research Center, NIMH... 330

Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH........................... 332

Electroencephalography Branch, NINDB ...................... 333

Laboratory of Neuroanatomical Science, NINDB .......... 334

Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NIMH-NINDB............ 335

Laboratory of Neurophysiology, NIMH-NINDB .......... 336

Laboratory of Psychology, NIMH .................................. 336

Laboratory of Socio-Environmental Studies, NIMH ...... 339

D. Available Resources .............................................................. 341

Index .............................................................................................. 371
DIRECTORS’ FOREWORD ix
Directors’ Foreword
To appreciate the groundbreaking discoveries we have made in recent
years in the field of neuroscience–from the mapping of human disease
genes to sophisticated imaging studies of the brain and insightful
investigations of cognition and behavior–we must first understand the
context of what came before, in the last half century. Fifty years ago we
had only just discovered the structure of DNA. Now we can analyze
the expression of thousands of genes in an afternoon.
Our forebears laid the vital groundwork needed to make progress
against neurological and mental disorders. A large portion of that foun­
dation was built in the intramural laboratories at the National Insti­
tutes of Health (NIH)–by the pioneering scientists who founded and
staffed the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the National
Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness (NINDB, predecessor
of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke).
We now have powerful tools and methods at our disposal thanks to
the efforts of these early neuroscientists, who fueled the engine of discov­
ery and changed the nature of the scientific questions that can be asked
today. Without them, we would not have the remarkable breakthroughs
in genomics, imaging, and many other areas that help us bring novel treat­
ments to the millions of Americans who so desperately need them.
The two institutes were joined early, almost from the inception of
the NIH. Formerly the PHS’s Division of Mental Hygiene, the NIMH
was established as part of the NIH in 1949. Congress established the
NINDB in 1950, but without the funds it needed, at first, to establish
its own research program. The first director of the NINDB had to rely
on the generosity of the first director of the NIMH, and its scientific
director–Seymour S. Kety. Kety hired researchers for both institutes on