Table Of ContentMILITARY TECHNOLOGY, ARMAMENTS
DYNAMICS AND DISARMAMENT
Also by Hans Gunter Brauch
In English:
DECISIONMAKING FOR ARMS LIMITATION - ASSESSMENTS AND
PROSPECTS (editor with Duncan L. Clarke)
·STAR WARS AND EUROPEAN DEFENCE-IMPLICATIONS FOR
EUROPE: PERCEPTIONS AND ASSESSMENTS (editor)
THE ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE TREATY AND WORLD SECURITY (author
with Rip Bulkeley)
ALTERNATIVE CONVENTIONAL DEFENSE POSTURES IN THE
EUROPEAN THEATER - THE FUTURE OF THE MILITARY BALANCE
AND DOMESTIC CONSTRAINTS (editor with Robert Kennedy)
• Also from St. Martin's
In German:
STRUKTURELLER WANDEL UND ROSTUNGSPOLITIK DER USA
(1940-1950)-ZUR WELTFOHRUNGSROLLE UND IHREN
INNENPOLITISCHEN BEDINGUNGEN
ENTWICKLUNGEN UND ERGEBNISSE DER FRIEDENSFORSCHUNG
(1969-1978). EINE ZWISCHENBILANZ UND KONKRETE VORSCHLAGE
FOR DAS ZWEITE JAHRZEHNT
ABROSTUNGSAMT ODER MINISTERIUM? AUSLANDISCHE MODELLE
DER ABROSTUNGSPLANUNG MATERIALIEN UND
REFORMVORSCHLAGE
KERNWAFFEN UND ROSTUNGSKONTROLLE-EIN
INTERDISZIPLINARES STUDIENBUCH (editor)
CHEMISCHE KRIEGFOHRUNG - CHEMISCHE ABROSTUNG,
DOKUMENTE UND KOMMENTARE (editor with Rolf-Dieter Muller)
GIFTGAS IN DER BUNDESREPUBLIK - CHEMISCHE UND BIOLOGISCHE
W AFFEN (author with Alfred Schremp})
DER CHEMISCHE ALPTRAUM ODER GIBT ES EINEN C-WAFFENKRIEG
IN EUROPA?
DIE RAKETEN KOMMEN! YOM NA TO-DOPPELBESCHLUSS BIS ZUR
ST AT IONIER UNG
PERSPEKTIVEN EINER EUROPAISCHEN FRIEDENSORDNUNG
ANGRIFF AUS DEM ALL. DER ROSTUNGSWETTLAUF 1M WELTRAUM
SICHERHEITSPOLITIK AM ENDE? EINE BEST ANDSAUFNAHME,
PERSPEKTIVEN UND NEUE ANSATZE (editor)
VERTRAUENSBILDENDE MASSNAHMEN UND EUROPAISCHE
ABROSTUNGSKONFERENZ (editor)
MILITARISCHE NUTZUNG DES WELTRAUMS. EINE BIBLIOGRAPHIE
(editor with Rainer Fischbach)
CHEMISCHE KRIEGFOHRUNG-CHEMISCHE ABROSTUNG. Part II:
RECHTLICHE UND POLITISCHE, MILITARISCHE, ROSTUNGSKON
TROLLPOLITISCHE UND V6LKERRECHTLICHE ASPEKTE (editor)
Military Technology,
Armaments Dynamics and
Disarmament
ABC Weapons, Military Use of Nuclear
Energy and of Outer Space and
Implications for International Law
Edited by
Hans Giinter Brauch
Chairman of the IPRA Study Group on Weapons Technology and Disarmament
and of Peace Research and European Security Studies (AFES-PRESSJ, and
Lecturer, Institute of Political Science, Heidelberg University
Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 978-1-349-10223-5 ISBN 978-1-349-10221-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-10221-1
© Hans Giinter Brauch, 1989
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1989 978-0-333-46483-0
All rights reserved. For information, write:
Scholarly and Reference Division,
St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
First published in the United States of America in 1989.
ISBN 978-0-312-02112-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Military technology, armaments dynamics, and disarmament / edited by
Hans Giinter Brauch.
p. em.
A sdection of rev. papers originally presented at the Eleventh
General Conference of the International Peace Research Association,
held at the University of Sussex, April 13-16, 1986.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-312-02112-2: $35.00 (est.)
I. Disarmament-Congresses. 2. Military policy-Congresses.
3. Munitions-Congresses. I. Brauch, Hans Giinter, 1947- .
II. International Peace Research Association. General Conference
(11th: 1986 : University of Sussex)
JX1974.M49 1989 88-7046
327.1'74-dc 19 CIP
Contents
List of Figures viii
List of Tables x
Notes on the Contributors xi
Foreword by Lord Solly Zuckerman xix
Excerptsfrom Lord Zuckerman's Writings xx
Acknowledgements xli
List of Abbreviations xlv
Introduction
Hans Gunter Brauch liii
PART I MILITARY TECHNOLOGY AND THEORY OF
ARMAMENTS DYNAMICS
3 Military Technology - Armaments Dynamics - Strategic
Stability: Implications for Arms Control and
Disarmament
Hans Gunter Brauch 3
2 Military Technology - A Driving Force behind the Arms
Race and an Impediment for Arms Control and
Disarmament
Marek Thee 39
PART II MILITARY TECHNOLOGY: THE CASE OF
ATOMIC, BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL
WEAPONS
3 Third-generation Nuclear Weapons
~~Th~ ~
4 Diplomatic Responses to Changing Assessments of
Scientific and Technological Developments to a
Disarmament Regime: The Second Review Conference of
the 1972 Convention on Biological and Toxin Weapons,
Geneva 1986
Nicholas A. Sims 92
v
Contents
VI
5 Supply, Demand and Assimilation in Chemical-warfare
Armament
J. P. Perry Robinson 112
PART III MILITARY USE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY:
THE CASE OF BOMBERS AND OUTER
SPACE
6 The Nuclear-propelled bomber - A Faked Arms Race
Between the US and the USSR
Ulrich Albrecht 127
7 Nuclear Power in Space: A Technology Beyond Control?
Rip Bulkeley 165
PART IV MILITARY TECHNOLOGY: BALLISTIC
MISSILE DEFENCE AND SOl
8 The Transformation of War: The Real Implications of
the SOl
Paul Rogers 215
9 SOl - A Sceptical Assessment by an American Physicist
Richard Garwin 228
10 Star Wars and Strategic Stability
Roald Sagdeev 295
11 SOl: Ten Fundamental Contradictions - The Need For a
Real Alternative to the Nuclear Predicament - A View
from Nagasaki
Seiitsu Tachibana 304
12 Strategic Defence Initiative or Strategic Defence
Response? An Attempt to Interpret the Emergence of the
SOl Programme in Terms of Theorems of Armaments
Dynamics
Hans Gunter Brauch 352
PART V MILITARY USE OF OUTER
SPACE-IMPLICATIONS FOR
INTERNAT IONAL LAW
13 Arms Limitation in Outer Space for Human Survival
P. K. Menon 445
Contents VII
14 The Military Use of Outer Space: Implications for
International Law
Pizl Dunay 471
15 The Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties and
the Interpretation of the ABM Treaty
Horst Fischer 487
MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, ARMAMENTS DYNAMICS
AND DISARMAMENT: A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 505
Index 539
List of Figures
3.1 The curve of binding energy 72
3.2 Sketch of how the primary of a modern
second-generation nuclear weapon may look 73
3.3 Sketch of how a modern fission-fusion-fission nuclear
weapon may be configured, showing the essential
elements 74
3.4 Diagram of an X-ray laser pumped by a nuclear
explosive 80
3.5 Partial energy states diagram of an almost fully ionised
zinc atom, showing the relevant transitions 81
3.6 Distribution of photons radiated from a 'black body' of
temperature 108 K 84
3.7 Diagram of the mechanism of generation of the EMP
that accompanies a nuclear detonation on the ground 89
6.1 Schematic diagram from a Soviet technical source on a
direct air cycle atomic turbojet 141
6.2 Aviation Week's reporting about a Soviet
nuclear-propelled bomber 147
6.3 Myasishchev's jet-powered bomber, which started
flight-testing briefly before the report in Aviation Week 147
6.4 Soviet perception of US nuclear powered bomber
aircraft in 1984 160
12.1 US defence outlays: long-term trends: 1955-85 377
12.2 Department of Defense - Budget Authority by
Appropriation for Research Development, Test and
Evaluation in Billion Current Dollars for Fiscal Years
1976-89 380
12.3 Appropriations and Requests for Department of
Defense and Department of Energy's Funding for the
Strategic Defense Initiative for Fiscal Years 1985 to
1989 in Billion Current Dollars 381
12.4 Strategic Defence Initiative and predecessor
programmes in billions of FY 1986 dollars, according
to John E. Pike 383
12.5 Missile defence research: SDI and predecessor
programmes in billions of FY 1986 dollars, according
to Pike 384
V1l1
List of Figures IX
12.6 John Pike's estimate of projected SDI R&D spending
for FY 1984-FY 1993: $70 billion current-year dollars 385
12.7 Strategic Defence Initiative as a percentage of all DoD
RDT&E spending according to estimates by John Pike
of 10 February 1985 385
12.8 Budgetary pressures for deployment of US ABM
systems in the 1960s: the case of Nike-Zeus, Nike-X,
Sentinel and Safeguard in constant FY 1986 dollars 386
12.9 SDI Budget future in the 1990s: no
deployment - Budget shrinks or deployment
decision - Budget grows 387
12.10 SDI contractors by geographic location from March
1983 to March 1987 402
12.11 The Soviet ABMjSpace Defence Programmes as seen
by the Pentagon 410
12.12 DoD Support for University R&D (Budget Authority
for FY 1956-86) in millions of 1985 dollars 421
