Micropollutants in Large Lakes: From Potential Pollution Sources to Risk Assessments

314 Pages·2017·7.45 MB·English

by  Nathalie Chevre

Micropollutants
in Large Lakes
From Potential Pollution
to Risk Assessments

Micropollutants
in Large Lakes
From Potential Pollution
to Risk Assessments
Editors
Nathalie Chèvre, Andrew Barry, Florence Bonvin,
Neil Graham, Jean-Luc Loizeau, Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer,
Luca Rossi, Torsten Vennemann
Distributed by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
The publisher and authors express their thanks to the Ecole
polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) for its generous
support towards the publication of this book.
With the support of the Société académique vaudoise and
the Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique (FNS).
Cover photography: © Jeremy Bishop – www.unsplash.com
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Table of content
1 Introduction
1.1 Lakes as a resource 3
1.2 Micropollutants in surface waters: a worldwide
recognition of the issue 7
The history of organic chemistry 7
Chemical regulations 10
Chemical pollution of Lake Geneva: case of pesticides,
pharmaceuticals and heavy metals 11
1.3 Book chapters 15
1.4 References 17
2 Agricultural sources of micropollutants:
from the catchment to the lake
2.1 Agricultural sources of micropollutants of the catchment 23
2.1.1 Generalities 23
2.1.2 Pesticides: definitions, types and usages 24
2.1.3 Fate of pesticides in the environment 25
2.1.4 Environmental risk of pesticide use 30
2.2 Source and transport dynamics of glyphosate:
a case study of Swiss vineyards 33
2.2.1 Introduction 33
2.2.2 Methodology 36
Study area 36
Field equipment 38
Chemical analysis 39
Risk assessment 40
2.2.3 Field results 41
Soil column and parcel level 41
Catchment level 43
Mass balance 44
Interactions with DOM 46
2.2.4 Risk assessment of glyphosate 49
2.3 Synthesis and conclusions 53
2.4 References 55
VI Micropollutants in Large Lakes
3 Urban sources of micropollutants:
from the catchment to the lake
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Micropollutants found in urban waters 67
3.2.1 Surfactants 68
3.2.2 Pharmaceuticals 68
3.2.3 Personal care products 69
3.2.4 Household and industrial chemicals 71
3.2.5 Biocides and pesticides 76
3.2.6 Heavy metals 77
3.2.7 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 78
3.2.8 Volatile organic compounds 79
3.3 Fate of micropollutants in WWTPs 81
3.3.1 Mechanisms of removal of micropollutants
in conventional WWTPs 81
Sorption 83
Biological transformation 86
Volatilization 90
Abiotic degradation 90
3.3.2 Fate of selected classes of micropollutants
in conventional WWTPs 91
Surfactants 92
Pharmaceuticals 92
Personal care products 94
Household and industrial chemicals 95
Biocides and POPs 96
PAHs and VOCs 96
Heavy metals 97
Synthesis and risk evaluation 98
3.3.3 Enhanced treatment of micropollutants in WWTPs 112
Optimization of conventional treatments 112
Improvement of hydrophobic pollutant removal 112
Improvement of biodegradable pollutant removal 113
Advanced treatments 114
Others technologies 119
Treatment of surface runoff water 120
3.4 Conclusions 123
3.5 References 125
Table of content VII
4 Currents of Lake Geneva
4.1 Introduction 143
4.2 Wind patterns on Lake Geneva 147
4.2.1 Description of wind data sets 147
4.2.2 k-means and hierarchical clustering 147
4.2.3 Procedure and results 148
4.3 Hydrodynamic modelling 151
4.3.1 Hydrodynamic modelling with Delft3D-Flow 151
4.3.2 Grand Lac flow patterns 152
Overview 152
Current circulations of Lake Geneva for different wind patterns 154
4.4 Vidy Bay current patterns 157
4.5 Transport of water within Lake Geneva based on the stable
isotope compositional variations of water in Lake Geneva 161
4.5.1 Isotopes of water 161
4.5.2 Transport patterns of Rhône River water
within Lake Geneva 164
4.6 Summary and conclusion 167
4.7 References 169
5 Occurrence, fate and ecotoxicological relevance
of micropollutants in Vidy Bay
5.1 Introduction 175
5.2 The Vidy Bay – morphology and pollution source 177
5.3 Vidy Bay hydrodynamics 179
5.4 Spatio-temporal occurrence of micropollutants in Vidy Bay 181
5.4.1 Measured micropollutant concentrations in Vidy Bay 182
5.4.2 Measured micropollutant concentrations above
the WWTP outfall 182
5.4.3 Conductivity as an indicator for elevated micropollutant
concentrations above the WWTP outfall 186
5.5 Ecotoxicological risk associated with wastewater-derived
micropollutants 189
5.6 Dilution and degradation processes affecting
micropollutant concentrations in Vidy Bay 191
5.7 Modelling the micropollutant plume in Vidy Bay 195
5.7.1 Coupled hydrodynamic-photolysis model 196
5.7.2 Susceptibility towards direct and indirect
photolysis processes 197
VIII Micropollutants in Large Lakes
5.7.3 Effect of sunlight on plume extension for representative
compounds 199
5.7.4 Extent of ecotoxicological risk zone and contribution
of photolysis to its attenuation 200
5.8 Environmental implications 205
5.9 References 207
6 Sediment-bound contaminant transport
dynamics in and around Vidy Bay
6.1 Introduction 215
6.2 Hydrodynamics within the bay 217
6.3 Contaminant path tracing and sediment focusing 219
6.4 Colloid and aggregate characterisation 223
6.5 Vertical and lateral sedimentation pathways in Vidy Bay 229
6.5.1 Sediment accumulation and composition 236
6.5.2 Spatial and temporal radionuclide flux dynamics 238
6.5.3 Vertical sedimentation model with lateral component 239
6.6 Hydrodynamic conditions of Vidy Bay’s BBL 243
6.7 Conclusions 249
6.8 References 251
7 Mixture risk assessment of chemical:
from the theory to the application
7.1 Introduction 261
7.2 Mixture effect assessment theory 265
7.2.1 Mixture effects models 265
7.2.2 Accuracy of the CA and IA models 268
7.2.3 Mixture risk assessment 269
7.3 Risk assessment of chemical mixtures
in the Lake Geneva catchment 271
7.3.1 Lake Geneva, Rhône River and Vidy Bay 271
7.3.2 Limits of the mixture risk assessment approaches 275
7.4 Comparison with ecological data 279
7.5 Conclusion 283
7.6 References 287