Microbial-mediated Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants

233 Pages·2016·7.56 MB·English

by  Devendra K. Choudhary

Devendra K. Choudhary · Ajit Varma
Editors
Microbial-mediated
Induced Systemic
Resistance in Plants
Microbial-mediated Induced Systemic
Resistance in Plants

Devendra K. Choudhary (cid:129) Ajit Varma
Editors
Microbial-mediated
Induced Systemic
Resistance in Plants
Editors
Devendra K. Choudhary Ajit Varma
Amity Institute of Microbial Amity Institute of Microbial
Technology (AIMT) Technology (AIMT)
Amity University Amity University
Noida , Uttar Pradesh , India Noida , Uttar Pradesh , India
ISBN 978-981-10-0387-5 ISBN 978-981-10-0388-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0388-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016933867
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016
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Pref ace
One major challenge for the twenty-fi rst century will be the production of
suffi cient food – the United Nations Population Fund estimates that the global
human population may well reach 10 billion by 2050 ( www.unfpa.org ) . This
means increasing agricultural productivity of food crops, as plants form the
basis of every food chain. If global food production is to keep pace with an
increasingly urbanized and growing population while formulating new food
production strategies for developing countries, the great challenge for mod-
ern societies is to boost plant productivity in an environmentally sustainable
manner. Habitat-imposed abiotic and biotic stress is a serious condition caus-
ing major problem for crop productivity. About 20 % of cultivable and at least
half of irrigated lands around the world are severely affected by environmen-
tal stresses. However, in these conditions, there are plant populations success-
fully adapted and evolutionarily different in their strategy of stress tolerance.
Vascular plants do not function as autonomous individuals, but house diverse
communities of associated microbes. The role of these microbes can no lon-
ger be ignored. To date, improvements in plant quality and production under
abiotic and biotic stresses have relied largely on manipulating plant genomes
by breeding and genetic modifi cation. Increasing evidence indicates that the
function of microbes seems to parallel more than one of these characteristics.
Besides developing mechanisms for stress tolerance, microorganisms can
also impart some degree of tolerance to plants toward abiotic stresses like
drought, chilling injury, salinity, metal toxicity, and high temperature.
P lant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) are capable of alleviat-
ing environmental stress and elicit tolerance in plants to promote their growth.
Several PGPM elicit physical and/or chemical changes related to plant
defense in the form of induced systemic resistance (ISR) under biotic stress.
Researchers emphasized that PGPM-elicited ISR has suppressed plant dis-
eases caused by a range of pathogens in both the greenhouse and fi eld.
PGPM-elicited physical and chemical changes in plants result in enhanced
tolerance to drought, salt, and other factors that have been described in the
form of induced systemic tolerance (IST) under abiotic stress. This project
will focus on recent research concerning interactions between PGPM and
plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. Consequently, continued research is
needed to develop new approaches to ameliorate the effi ciency of PGPM and
to understand the ecological, genetic, and biochemical relationships in their
habitat.
v
vi Preface
E xploitation of plant-microbe interactions can result in the promotion of
plant health and can play a signifi cant role in low-input sustainable agricul-
ture applications for both food and nonfood crops. An understanding of the
mechanisms enabling these microbes to interact with plants will be worth-
while to fully achieve the biotechnological potential of effi cient partnerships
for a range of applications. The most important and promising area of research
for future studies is developing microbes to promote the sustainable produc-
tion of cultivable crops in stresses (abiotic and biotic). In addition, the ability
of microbes to confer stress resistance to plants may provide a novel strategy
for mitigating the impacts of global climate change on agricultural and native
plant communities. Microbes could play a signifi cant role in stress manage-
ment, once their unique properties of tolerance to extremities, their ubiquity,
and genetic diversity are understood and methods for their successful deploy-
ment in agriculture production have been developed. These microorganisms
also provide excellent models for understanding stress tolerance mechanisms
that can be subsequently engineered into crop plants.
In the present world of rapidly growing population, it’s a pressing need to
produce a large quantity of crop yield to fulfi ll the basic requirements of life,
and that’s why it became more and more dependent on the use of agrochemi-
cals in the form of fertilizers and pesticides. Although it shows instant effect
on the growth and disease control, it is not long-lasting. In addition to this it
also lowers the fertility of the soil. Benign microbe is proven as the best
alternative of these agrochemicals with a lot of positive benefi ts. Besides
promoting plant growth, microbes defend it from different disease-causing
agents. Hence, in this book emphasis has been given to the role of bacterial
strains in the abiotic/biotic stress, and their implication has been shown in
the form of ISR.
In this book, editors compiled researches carried out by researchers in the
form of compendium with elaborate description that relate with the “role of
microbes in plant health upon biotic stress.”
Chapter 1 , “Changes in Phytochemicals in Response to Rhizospheric
Microorganism Infection,” describes the reports of recent investigations and
infers that inoculation with rhizospheric microorganisms including plant
growth-promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could
change the production and accumulation of plant pharmacologically active
compounds.
Chapter 2 , “ Bacillus- Mediated Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)
Against F usarium Corm Rot,” describes that B acillus species have been very
effective BCA due to their ability to produce heat and desiccation-resistant
spores, to withstand high temperature, unfavorable pH, and lack of nutrients
or water, and the ease of stable formulation preparation. This specie can dis-
play almost all the mechanisms of a biocontrol and bio-stimulation/fertiliza-
tion agent.
Chapter 3 , “Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: Key Mechanisms of
Action,” describes an understanding of the direct and indirect mechanisms of
action of PGPR, and their various benefi ts to plants are summarized and
discussed.
Preface vii
Chapter 4 , “Priming of Plant Defense and Plant Growth in Disease-
Challenged Crops Using Microbial Consortia,” describes that priming is
known to aid in acclimation to various types of stress – abiotic and biotic in
microorganisms – and gaining insights into the mechanisms and metabo-
lites involved represents another challenging area. This compilation pro-
vides an overview of the recent developments in this fi eld, highlighting the
signifi cance of the fi ndings toward developing a “greener” agricultural
scenario.
Chapter 5 , “Seed Priming-Mediated Induced Disease Resistance in Arid
Zone Plants,” describes that seed priming allows plants to activate defense
responses more quickly and effectively against plant pathogens without
affecting growth of the plant and has the potential to emerge as a strategic tool
for modern plant protection. It summarizes the current knowledge of the seed
priming and its relevance for plant protection with special reference to
bio-priming.
Chapter 6 , “T richoderma Secondary Metabolites: Their Biochemistry and
Possible Role in Disease Management,” focuses on the use of T richoderma as
a biocontrol agent in the present agriculture system and its advantages over
traditional pesticides and fertilizers.
Chapter 7 , “Induced Systemic Resistance in Rice,” describes that plants
possess a plethora of defense mechanisms that respond to both biotic and
abiotic stresses. The response of a plant to various pathogens and pests can
vary depending on factors such as host variety, strain, as well as environmen-
tal factors. In rice biotic stresses have been known to activate the JA/ETH and
auxin pathways. Due to the higher levels of endogenous SA in rice, the
SA-independent pathways are a preferred way of inducing resistance within
the rice host.
Chapter 8 , “Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria-Mediated Acquired
Systemic Resistance in Plants Against Pests and Diseases,” describes PGPR-
mediated acquired systemic resistance against plant pathogens and insect
pests, mechanisms of action, and results of fi eld applications confi rming their
substantial role in inducing systemic resistance in crop plants.
Chapter 9, “Acyl Homoserine Lactone-Producing Rhizobacteria: Elicit
Systemic Resistance in Plants,” focuses on the role of AHLs produced by
bacteria that play a unique role in altering the expression of plant defense
genes.
Chapter 10, “Biological Control of Chickpea F usarium Wilt Using
Rhizobacteria ‘PGPR,’” focuses that ISR has recently gained considerable
importance in the control of F usarium wilt of chickpea diseases both in
greenhouses and in the fi elds.
Chapter 1 1 , “AM Fungal Effect on the Growth of Selective Dicot and
Monocot Plants,” focuses on the arbuscular mycorrhizal status of selective
dicot plants such as chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.), cowpea ( Vigna unguicu-
lata L.), and green pea (P isum sativum L.) and selective monocot plants such
as Triticum aestivum (L.) and P ennisetum glaucum and its benefi cial effect on
the effi ciency of morphological and physiological changes in such plants
grown under greenhouse condition.
viii Preface
Chapter 1 2 , “T richoderma spp.: Effi cient Inducers of Systemic Resistance
in Plants,” describes the role of T richoderma spp. as BCA and established
plant root colonizers and their biocontrol nature primarily due to mycopara-
sitism and antibiosis mechanisms against various pathogens. Progress in
research in plant immunity induced by benefi cial microorganisms suggests
that other than mycoparasitism and antibiosis, T richoderma spp. are potent
inducers of ISR in plants.
Chapter 1 3 , “Induced Systemic Resistance by Rhizospheric Microbes,”
focuses that ISR has been developed as a signifi cant and imperative means
and way by which the selected and potential plant growth-promoting microbes
in the rhizosphere infl uence the whole plant structure for higher and better
defense against the broad range of pathogens and insect herbivores.
Chapter 1 4, “Combinations of PGPR for Initiation of Systemic Resistance
Against Tree Diseases,” discusses the PGPR and emphasizes the need to have
unvarying signifi cances for tree (i.e., E ucalyptus ) that comprises the ISR
against any pathogenic attack.
Chapter 1 5 , “Plant Growth-Promoting Microbial-Mediated Induced
Systemic Resistance in Plants: Induction, Mechanism, and Expression,”
focuses on recent research study concerning interaction between PGPMs and
plants under biotic stress condition.
L ast but not least we’d like to express our gratitude to contributors upon
their consent to be a part of this book.
Noida, India Devendra K. Choudhary
Ajit Varma
Contents
1 Changes in Phytochemicals in Response
to Rhizospheric Microorganism Infection .................................. 1
Mehrnaz Hatami and Mansour Ghorbanpour
2 Bacillus-Mediated-Induced Systemic Resistance
(ISR) Against Fusarium Corm Rot .............................................. 15
Shanu Magotra , Deepika Trakroo , Sneha Ganjoo ,
and Jyoti Vakhlu
3 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria:
Key Mechanisms of Action ........................................................... 23
Márcia do Vale Barreto Figueiredo , Aurenívia Bonifacio ,
Artenisa Cerqueira Rodrigues , and Fabio Fernando de Araujo
4 Priming of Plant Defense and Plant Growth
in Disease-Challenged Crops Using Microbial Consortia ......... 39
Murugan K umar , Nanjappan Karthikeyan ,
and Radha Prasanna
5 Seed Priming-Mediated Induced Disease Resistance
in Arid Zone Plants ....................................................................... 57
Rakesh Pathak , Praveen Gehlot , and S. K. Singh
6 Trichoderma Secondary Metabolites: Their Biochemistry
and Possible Role in Disease Management ................................. 69
Anita Surendra Patil , Surendra Rajaram Patil , and Hariprasad
Madhukarrao Paikrao
7 Induced Systemic Resistance in Rice ........................................... 103
Kalaivani K. Nadarajah
8 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria-Mediated
Acquired Systemic Resistance in Plants Against
Pests and Diseases ......................................................................... 125
S. K. Singh , Rakesh Pathak , and Vipin Choudhary
9 Acyl Homoserine Lactone- Producing Rhizobacteria
Elicit Systemic Resistance in Plants ............................................ 135
Ganga Viswanath , Jegan Sekar , and Prabavathy V. R
ix