Microbial Biomass Process Technologies and Management

321 Pages·2017·10.74 MB·English

by  Basanta Kumara Behera

Basanta Kumara Behera · Ajit Varma
Microbial
Biomass Process
Technologies
and Management
Microbial Biomass Process Technologies
and Management
Basanta Kumara Behera (cid:129) Ajit Varma
Microbial Biomass
Process Technologies
and Management
BasantaKumaraBehera AjitVarma
AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology
AmityUniversityUttarPradesh AmityUniversityUttarPradesh
Noida,UttarPradesh Noida,UttarPradesh
India India
ISBN978-3-319-53912-6 ISBN978-3-319-53913-3 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-53913-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017942789
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017
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Foreword
Industry based on microbial processing technology is enormous, second only in
gross revenue to the information industry. It runs at breakneck speed in efforts to
keeppacewiththegrowingglobalpopulation,nowinexcessof7.4billionpeople.
Advances in all fields of microbial processing are providing a never-before-seen
levelofhealthcareproducts.Theworld’spopulationdemandsnotonlysafehealth
care products, but also high quality and convenient products that meet their latest
requirements.
The biotechnological, biopharmaceutical, and biological industries are among
the most advanced and sophisticated as a result of their major investments in
researchanddevelopment(withadelayinresults),useofthecomplexmetabolism
ofmicrobesinbiocatalysis,andunderstandingofcomplexhumanbiology.Earlier
manufacturing processes took place in batches, with some traditional touches.
Thankstomodernmicrochip-basedupstreamanddownstreamprocesses,continu-
ous manufacturing has been developed and is on the verge of transforming the
biotechnological value chain. This is having an impact on every biotechnology-
based company, from giant multinationals to the third-party manufacturers that
v
vi Foreword
smallstart-upshiretomaketheirproducts.Theprocessofcontinuousmanufacture
withcompletelymodernizedsupplychainmanagementhasincreasedthescopeof
the biotechnological product market at the international level. The biotechnology
industry now wants to be less expensive, more eco-friendly, and provide a timely
supplyofgoodsonaqualitybasis.
Keeping the above facts in mind, the authors present the concept of microbial
processing technology, using impressive models and the most current data to
explain the social and industrial significance of microbes. This work will be
immensely helpful to graduate scientists, engineers, and biochemical engineers,
enabling them to step into the art of commercialization of microbial processing
technology.
Thisbookfocusesonthecorebiochemicalengineeringprinciplesthatenablethe
translationofadvancesinthelifesciencesintorealprocessesorproducts.Readers
will develop an understanding of advanced engineering skills (bioprocess design,
bioreactor engineering, downstream processing, biopharmaceutical supply chain
management, material balance), state-of-the-art life science techniques (cell dis-
ruption, cell organelle separation, biomolecule polishing and stabilization), and
essential business and regulatory knowledge (quality control, biopharmaceutical
supplychainmanagement,materialbalance).
Iamhighlyimpressedbythewaytheauthorshavepresentedupdatedknowledge
onthescienceandtechnologyofmicrobialprocessengineeringtorevealtheimpact
thattransferringlaboratorydatahasonsustaineddevelopmentofthebiotechnology
industry.
I sincerely believe that the book will be of high value to students, research
scholars,andmicrobialtechnologyprofessionalsandprovideamajorboosttothe
microbialprocesstechnologyindustryworldwide.
AmityUniversityGurgaon P.B.Sharma
Manesar,India
DelhiTechnologicalUniversity
Delhi,India
17May2017
Preface
Microbial biomass process technology refers to the systematic study of the basic
principles of engineering and technology and their application to the large-scale
isolation and purification of microbial metabolites obtained through fermentation
processes.Thesemetabolitesarewidelyusedinbiopharmaceuticals,biochemicals,
foods,nutraceuticals,anddiagnostics.Knowledgeofmicrobialengineeringenables
scientistsandpractitionerstoconductmicrobialprocesseswithinnovationandhigh
productivity. Thus, microbial biomass process technology is of academic interest
and also has tremendous industrial use. It entered academia at the undergraduate
andpostgraduatelevelsasataughtcourse,asusuallyhappenswithanynewtopic.It
isnowtaughtasaspecializedcourseinhigherstudiesinordertoinvolvebiotech-
nologyandbiochemicalengineeringstudentsinindustrialactivities.
Currently, numerous microorganisms are used in industrial microbiology,
including naturally occurring organisms, laboratory-selected mutants, and geneti-
callymodifiedorganisms(GMOs).DebateovertheuseofGMOsinfoodsourcesis
gainingmomentum,withmoreandmoresupportersonbothsides.Keepingthisin
mind, the first chapter highlights the salient features of industrial microbial pro-
cesses,includingsafety,mixing,environmentalconditions,andtheuseofselected
microorganisms to obtain higher productivity at lower cost. In addition, there is a
section on microbial products in the global market and a brief discussion on
possible improvements in the market share. The discussion is intended to induce
the reader to think about how to solve the problem of inadequate production of
microbialproductsattheinternationalscale.
The next two chapters are devoted to significant aspects of upstream and
downstream processes, and suggest how innovative research is urgently required
to establish economically viable technologies that operate on the spectrum of
opportunities offered by microorganisms. The authors describe how to monitor
microbial process design in order to solve specific biological and technological
constraints and minimize the cost of product during production and downstream
operations.
vii
viii Preface
Innovativemicrobialprocessingmanagementtechniquesarethereforeurgently
needed to increase the efficacy of process control systems at all stages of the
production system. Bioengineering is under the constraint of eco-ethics, sustain-
ability, and public acceptance. Another option for industrialists is an effective
microbial product supply chain to enable sustainability in the biotechnology and
biopharmaceutical industries. Therefore, the fourth chapter is fully dedicated to
innovative management technology for maintaining the quality and quantity of
microbialproducts,andtheirsafeandtimelysupplytotheenduser.Themainaim
of the chapter is to introduce the idea of integrated knowledge of microbial
resourcesandbioengineering,whichisnecessaryforfasterdevelopmentofindus-
trialmicrobialprocessesandgenerationoftheappropriatemanpower.
The last chapter of this book describes application of the basic principles of
thermodynamics and mass balance to help understand the ongoing status of a
specific fermentation process and enable optimum production in the shortest pos-
sible time. The authors describe material helpful in understanding material bal-
ances, the concept of stoichiometric coefficients for the overall reaction
representing the biological system, and how to obtain information about yield
factors,substrateconsumption,andproductformationrates.
We are greatly indebted to Mrs Asha Sharma and Katyayanee for their help in
computing and in drawing models and computer-generated graphics. We would
also like to thank our respective families, who spent many lonely hours while we
werebusypreparingthemanuscript.
Support from the publisher during preparation of the manuscript is also grate-
fullyacknowledged.
Noida,UP,India BasantaKumaraBehera
AjitVarma
About the Book
This work describes a rational and conceptual framework for appraising how the
diversifiedrangeofmicrobescanbeusedaseffectiveandsustainableresourcesto
meetcurrentchallengesinfindingsuitableeconomicsolutionsforthebiopharma-
ceutical, enzyme, food additive, nutraceutical, biochemical, and microbial fuel
industries. In addition, various aspects of microbial regulatory acts and their
effectiveapplicationhavebeenhighlighted.Tomakethesesubjectsmoreapplica-
ble,specialattentionhasbeengiventothestoichiometryofmaterialbalance,with
interestingexamples.Thebookalsodiscussesthemanagementprocessesinvolved
ineffectiveproductionofmicrobe-basedproductsandinutilizationofeco-friendly
biotechnology industries for green living. The prime aim is to provide a ready
reference for technologists and policymakers who need an instant and pragmatic
guidetothefastemergingfieldofmicrobialprocesstechnologydevelopmentand
implementation.
ix
Contents
1 ConceptofMicrobiologicalProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 HistoryofMicrobialProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 NeedforStandardMicrobialProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 MicrobesandMicrobialProducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.1 Fungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3.2 Bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.3 Algae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4 MicrobialProcessEconomics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.1 WhatIsMicrobialProcessEconomics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.2 TheEconomicNatureofMicrobialProcesses. . . . . . . . . 22
1.4.3 Feedstock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4.3.1 Biocatalysts. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4.3.2 Bioenergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.3.3 Target-OrientedProduct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4.3.4 MicrobiologicalWaste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4.3.5 Interactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.5 EconomicEvaluationofMicrobialProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.5.1 CapitalExpenditureandOperatingExpenses. . . . . . . . . 30
1.5.2 RevenueandProfit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.6 MicrobialProductDevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.6.1 WhyDevelopNewProducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.6.2 NewMicrobialProductDevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.6.3 HowtoLaunchaNewMicrobialProduct. . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.6.4 Speed-to-MarketandProductDevelopment. . . . . . . . . . 35
1.6.5 ServiceCompaniesandNewProducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
xi