Table Of ContentMicroalgae for
Environmental
Biotechnology
This is the first book to present the idea of using Industry 4.0 and smart
manufacturing in the microalgae industry for environmental biotechnology.
It provides the latest developments on microalgae for use in environmental
biotechnology, explains process analysis from an engineering point of view,
and discusses the transition to smart manufacturing and how state of the art
technologies can be incorporated. It covers applications, technologies, challenges,
and future perspectives.
• Showcases how Industry 4.0 can be applied in algae industry
• Covers new ideas generated from Industry 4.0 for Industrial Internet of
Things (IIoT)
• Demonstrates new technologies invented to cater to Industry 4.0 in
microalgae
• Features worked examples related to biological systems
Aimed at chemical engineers, bioengineers, and environmental engineers, this is
an essential resource for researchers, academics, and industry professionals in the
microalgae biotechnology field.
Microalgae for
Environmental
Biotechnology
Smart Manufacturing and
Industry 4.0 Applications
Edited by
Pau Loke Show
Wai Siong Chai
Tau Chuan Ling
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission.
The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this
book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products
does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular
pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
First edition published 2023
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ISBN: 978-1-032-06411-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-06412-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-20219-6 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003202196
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by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
Authors ................................................................................................................vii
Contributors .........................................................................................................ix
Preface ................................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Microalgae as a Source of Sustainability ........................................1
Pik Han Chong, Jian Hong Tan and Joshua Troop
Chapter 2 The Potential of Microalgae for Environmental
Biotechnology ...............................................................................67
Fazril Ideris, Mei Yin Ong, Jassinnee Milano,
Mohd Faiz Muaz Ahmad Zamri, Saifuddin Nomanbhay,
Abd Halim Shamsuddin, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia
and Pau Loke Show
Chapter 3 Current Issues and Challenges of Applying Microalgae
in Environmental Biotechnology .................................................107
Xiao Gui Xing, Gao Ya Qian, Sook Sin Chan,
Guo Rui Xin, Kit Wayne Chew and Pau Loke Show
Chapter 4 How Far Has the Development for Industrial Internet
of Things (IoT) in Microalgae? ...................................................145
Vimal Angela Thiviyanathan, Hooi Ren Lim,
Pei En Tham and Pau Loke Show
Chapter 5 Understanding Environmental Biotechnology 4.0 ......................175
Wai Yan Cheah, Tengku Nilam Baizura Tengku Ibrahim,
Nurul Syahirah Mat Aron, Wai Siong Chai
and Pau Loke Show
Chapter 6 What Are Smart Microalgae? ......................................................205
Nur Azalina Suzianti Feisal, Noor Haziqah Kamaludin,
Dingling Zhuang, Kit Wayne Chew and Pau Loke Show
Chapter 7 Towards the Digitalization of Environmental Biotechnology .......227
Viggy Tan Wee Gee, Kuan Shiong Khoo and Pau Loke Show
v
vi Contents
Chapter 8 Smart Factory of Microalgae in Environmental
Biotechnology .............................................................................263
Shazia Ali, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Hooi Ren Lim,
Hui Suan Ng and Pau Loke Show
Chapter 9 Biomanufacturing in Microalgae Industry ..................................293
Leong Wei, Wen Yi Chia, Kit Wayne Chew and
Pau Loke Show
Chapter 10 Implementation of Microalgae 4.0 in Environmental
Biotechnology .............................................................................327
Akshara Ann Varghese, Doris Ying Ying Tang, Sze Shin Low
and Pau Loke Show
Chapter 11 Industry Perspectives of Microalgae 4.0 .....................................363
Kreena Gada, Angela Paul Peter, Wai Siong Chai
and Pau Loke Show
Chapter 12 Sustainability and Development of Microalgae 4.0 ....................397
Henry Ng, Chung Hong Tan, Saifuddin Nomanbhay
and Pau Loke Show
Chapter 13 Remaining Challenges and Uncertainties....................................421
Sze Yin Cheng, Zhi Ting Ang and Pau Loke Show
Index .................................................................................................................445
Authors
Professor Ir. Ts. Dr. Pau Loke SHOW is Director of Sustainable Food
Processing Research Centre and Co-Director of Future Food Malaysia, Beacon
of Excellence in the University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. He
is Full Professor of Biochemical Engineering at the Department of Chemical
and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University
of Nottingham Malaysia. He has successfully obtained his PhD in 2 years
after obtaining his bachelor’s degree from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor,
Malaysia. He is currently Professional Engineer (PEng) registered with the
Board of Engineers Malaysia, Chartered Engineer (CEng) of the Engineering
Council UK (MIChemE), and Professional Technologist (PTech) registered with
the Malaysia Board of Technologists. Prof Ir. Ts. Dr. Show obtained the Post
Graduate Certificate of Higher Education (PGCHE) in 2014 and is now a Fellow
of the Higher Education Academy (FHEA) UK. Since he started his career in
2012, he has received numerous prestigious academic awards, including the
Tan Sri Emeritus Professor Augustine S H Ong International Special Award on
Innovations and Inventions in Palm Oil 2021; APEC Science Prize for Innovation,
Research and Education (“ASPIRE”) Malaysia Award 2020; Malaysia Young
Scientist 2019 Award; ASEAN-India Research and Training Fellowship 2019;
The DaSilva Award 2018; JSPS Fellowship 2018; Top 100 Asian Scientists 2017;
Asia’s Rising Scientists Award 2017; and Young Researcher in IChemE Award
2016. He has graduated more than 20 PhD and MSc students and is leading a
team of 20 members consisting of postdoctoral, PhD, and MSc research stu-
dents. Up to 2020, he has published more than 550 journal papers in less than
8 years of his career. His publications have been cited over 11,000 times over the
past 5 years. His current h-index is 55, placing him among the top leaders of his
chosen field (Microalgae Technology). He is also the Primary Project leader for
more than 35 projects from international, national, and industry projects, with
total amount more than MYR5.0 million. He has been recently awarded as Top
Peer Reviewer (Top 1% of Reviewers in Global Top Peer Reviewer Awards in
Engineering, Global Top Peer Reviewer Awards in Cross-Field, Global Top Peer
Reviewer Awards in Chemistry, Global Top Peer Reviewer Awards in Biology
and Biochemistry, Global Top Peer Reviewer Awards in Agricultural Sciences).
Also, he has acted as Handling Editor for more than 1,000 submitted manuscripts
in numerous journals.
Dr. Wai Siong CHAI is currently a postdoctoral research at the School of
Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology,
Shenzhen, China. He completed 2 years of postdoctoral training at Zhejiang
University, involving in green propellant research. He developed the main frame-
work and assisted the research team in obtaining an internal grant of RMB
200,000. He obtained his PhD from the University of Nottingham and was the sole
vii
viii Authors
recipient of scholarship in Malaysia to attend an international conference in 2015.
He is Associate Member (AMIChemE) of the Institution of Chemical Engineers
(IChemE). Dr. Chai’s current field of research involves ammonia, environmen-
tal remediation, and energetic ionic liquid applications. He is also interested in
studying the microalgae interaction with ammonia and its application toward bio-
fuel production. Dr. Chai has published more than 20 journal papers and made
several international conference presentations, with a current h-index of 13. His
publications are of high quality, which are evidenced by Tier 1 publications such
as Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Chemical Engineering Journal,
Journal of Cleaner Production, and Fuel, where one of his papers is listed as Top
Cited Paper. He currently serves as Editorial Board Member of Bioengineered.
He has also been rated as an excellent reviewer on Publons.
Tau Chuan LING obtained his PhD from the University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, UK, in 2002. He is Fellow Member of the Institution of Chemical
Engineers (FIChemE). He is Full Professor of Biotechnology at the Institute of
Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. He has more than 20 years of research experience in the field of
downstream processing, renewable energy, and biochemical engineering. Prof
Dr. Ling has published more than 280 international peer-reviewed journals. He
was awarded the Young Asian Biotechnologist Prize 2017 from The Society for
Biotechnology, Japan.
Contributors
Shazia Ali Wai Yan Cheah
Department of Chemical and Centre of Research in Development,
Environmental Engineering Social and Environment (SEEDS)
Faculty of Science and Engineering Faculty of Social Sciences and
University of Nottingham Malaysia Humanities
Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Zhi Ting Ang Sze Yin Cheng
Department of Chemical and Institute of Biological Sciences
Environmental Engineering Faculty of Science
Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Malaya
University of Nottingham Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Kit Wayne Chew
School of Energy and Chemical
Nurul Syahirah Mat Aron Engineering
Department of Chemical and Xiamen University Malaysia
Environmental Engineering Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria,
Faculty of Science and Engineering Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan,
University of Nottingham Malaysia Malaysia
Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Wen Yi Chia
Department of Chemical and
Wai Siong Chai Environmental Engineering
School of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering
and Automation University of Nottingham Malaysia
Harbin Institute of Technology Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor
Shenzhen, Guangdong, China Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Sook Sin Chan Pik Han Chong
Institute of Biological Sciences School of Food Science and
Faculty of Science Biotechnology
University of Malaya Zhejiang Gongshang University
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
ix
