Table Of ContentMetal-Air Batteries
Metal-Air Batteries: Principles, Progress, and Perspectives covers the entire spectrum of metal-
air batteries, their working principles, recent advancement, and future perspectives. Leading
international researchers address materials design, electrochemistry, and architectural aspects. The
fundamentals of metal-air materials for cathode and anode, their synthetic approaches, chemistries
to modify their properties to provide high energy and power densities, along with long life and
stable electrochemical characteristics are detailed.
Key Features:
• Covers materials, chemistry, and technologies for metal-air batteries.
• Reviews state-of-the-art progress and challenges in metal-air batteries.
• Provides fundamentals of the electrochemical behavior of various metal-air batteries.
• Offers insight into tuning the properties of materials to make them suitable for metal-air
batteries.
• Provides new direction and a better understanding to scientists, researchers, and students
working in diverse felds.
This is a unique offering and a valuable resource for a wide range of readers including those in
academia and industries worldwide.
Metal-Air Batteries
Principles, Progress, and Perspectives
Edited by Ram K. Gupta
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
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First edition published 2023
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Gupta, Ram K., editor.
Title: Metal-air batteries : principles, progress and perspectives / edited by Ram K. Gupta.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifers: LCCN 2022046437 (print) | LCCN 2022046438 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Storage batteries—Materials. | Metals. | Oxygen.
Classifcation: LCC TK2941 .M485 2023 (print) | LCC TK2941 (ebook) |
DDC 621.31/2424—dc23/eng/20230111
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022046437
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022046438
ISBN: 978-1-032-28208-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-28212-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-29576-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003295761
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by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
Biography..........................................................................................................................................xi
List of Contributors........................................................................................................................ xiii
Chapter 1 Metal-Air Batteries: An Introduction...........................................................................1
Felipe M. de Souza, Anuj Kumar, and Ram K. Gupta
Chapter 2 Materials and Electrochemistry of Metal-Air Battery ............................................... 15
Anubha Tomar, Sakshee Chandel, and Alok Kumar Rai
Chapter 3 Electrochemical Fundamentals and Issues of Metal-Air Batteries............................29
Shasha Li, Enze Li, Xiaowei An, and Guoqing Guan
Chapter 4 Mathematical Modeling for Enhanced Electrochemical Properties..........................45
Yuhui Tian, Shanqing Zhang, and Yun Wang
Chapter 5 Materials and Technologies of Mg-Air Primary Batteries.........................................65
Xingrui Chen, Qichi Le, Jeffrey Venezuela, and Andrej Atrens
Chapter 6 Materials and Technologies of Al-Air Batteries ........................................................77
Weng Cheong Tan, Lip Huat Saw, Ming Chian Yew, and Ming Kun Yew
Chapter 7 Materials and Technologies of Other Metal-Air Batteries.........................................89
Dhavalkumar N. Joshi and Vinod Kumar
Chapter 8 Novel Architectural Designs for Improved Performance ........................................ 105
José Béjar, Minerva Guerra‑Balcázar, Lorena Álvarez‑Contreras,
and Noé Arjona
Chapter 9 Phase-Engineered Materials as Effcient Electrocatalysts
for Metal-Air Batteries ............................................................................................. 121
Mengyang Dong, Huajie Yin, Porun Liu, and Huijun Zhao
Chapter 10 Noble Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Metal-Air Batteries .................................. 135
Jun Mei
Chapter 11 1D Materials as Electrocatalysts for Metal-Air Batteries........................................ 151
Merve Gençtürk and Emre Biçer
v
vi Contents
Chapter 12 2D Materials as Electrocatalysts for Metal-Air Batteries........................................ 165
Eren Kursun, Abdullah Uysal, and Solen Kinayyigit
Chapter 13 3D Materials as Electrocatalysts for Metal-Air Batteries........................................ 179
Demet OZER
Chapter 14 Carbon-Based Electrocatalysts for Metal-Air Batteries .......................................... 195
Zongge Li and Guoxin Zhang
Chapter 15 Metal Oxide-Based Electrocatalysts for Metal-Air Batteries..................................209
Bhugendra Chutia, Chiranjita Goswami, and Pankaj Bharali
Chapter 16 Enhanced Performance of Lithium-Air Batteries by
Improved Cathode Materials....................................................................................227
B. Jeevanantham and M. K. Shobana
Chapter 17 Aqueous Electrolytes ................................................................................................249
Rijith S, Sarika S, Akhila M, and Sumi V S
Chapter 18 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes in Metal-Air Batteries...................................................265
Pravin N. Didwal, An‑Giang Nguyen, Satyanarayana Maddukuri,
and Rakesh Verma
Chapter 19 Ionic Electrolytes...................................................................................................... 281
Vandana, Fabeena Jahan, Anjali Paravannoor,
and Baiju Kizhakkekilikoodayil Vijayan
Chapter 20 Hybrid-Electrolyte Metal-Air Batteries ................................................................... 291
Yifei Wang, Xinhai Xu, Mingming Zhang, Meng Ni,
and Dennis Y.C. Leung
Chapter 21 Polymer Electrolytes ................................................................................................305
Changlin Liu, Shasha Li, Abuliti Abudula, and Guoqing Guan
Chapter 22 Hydrogel Electrolytes............................................................................................... 317
Siyuan Zhao, Tong Liu, and Meng Ni
Chapter 23 Wearable Metal-Air Batteries .................................................................................. 335
Arpana Agrawal and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Contents vii
Chapter 24 Flexible Metal-Air Batteries..................................................................................... 347
Runwei Mo
Chapter 25 Challenges in Metal-Air Batteries............................................................................ 361
Alexander Kube and Dennis Kopljar
Index .............................................................................................................................................. 375
Preface
There is a need to develop high-performance and sustainable energy devices which could meet the
future demand for energy on the consumer as well as industrial scale. Most of the current energy
needs are fulflled by fossil fuels which are damaging our environment. Global warming and air
pollution are some of the major issues caused by the use of excessive fossil fuels, and therefore
researchers need to fnd some alternatives. Approaches such as the use of hybrid electric vehicles
and electric vehicles are a few solutions to these problems. Adaptation of electric vehicles has some
challenges such as low performance of the batteries, their life, cost, and range per charge. Metal-air
batteries offer higher energy density compared to many other battery technologies. However, such
technology has many challenges such as the use of advanced electrochemical materials, porous
cathode, electrolytes, device architecture, etc.
The main purpose of this book is to discuss current, state-of-the-art knowledge and future chal-
lenges in metal-air batteries. This book covers the fundamentals of metal-air materials for cathode
and anode, their synthetic approaches, and chemistries to modify their properties to provide high
energy and power densities, along with long life and stable electrochemical characteristics. All the
chapters are covered by experts in these areas around the world making this a suitable textbook for
students and providing new guidelines to researchers and industries working in energy, materials,
and nanotechnology.
Ram K. Gupta
Pittsburg State University
Pittsburg, Kansas, United States
ix
