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Winter 2001
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HUMANITIES
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—
Maryland The Thousand
Last Years
To Our Readers
Well, it seemed only natural that the Maryland Humanities Council should devote an issue of its magazine to the
last millennium. After all, it is our job to explore the history and culture that makes Maryland what it is today. And
we are historians, so we know the tried and true methods: examine change over time and compare and contrast the
major themes and events. At first it seems obvious. We know that over the past 1,000 years, the people who inhab-
ited this land we call Maryland went from hunter-gatherers to farmers to urban industrial laborers to technological
and service workers. We know that while they lost some self-sufficiency, they also gained certain freedoms.
But the story is a little more complicated than that when we are dealing with 1,000 years of human contributions
to our contemporary society. How do we remove ourselves from our modern frames of political, social, and eco-
— —
nomic reference to understand the people who populated this land for 1,000 years or even 200 years before us?
Can we understand that Maryland's population was not fixed into divisions of black and white and native, but
fluid and multiple? Can we step out of this time and space to see that our individual perceptions of race and
identity and who contributed to Maryland society are cultural constructs of our present day? Will we miss the
depth of our past because of our constricted view from the present?
Should we consider the indigenous people who were here before the English and Africans began to arrive in this
place they called Maryland? Of course, they were here first. The artificial political divisions of the land at that time
were theirs, not ours. And since we cannot date exactly when changes in the native population occurred, should we
deal with what we know about this population before this millennium began? Well, perhaps so. These questions
account for the awkwardly balanced time frames of the articles you will read in this issue.
We have asked some Maryland scholars to help transport us to the past. Dennis Curry deals with about 10,000 years
of human existence before it was recorded for our region of this planet. Lois Green Carr writes of the seventeenth
century and the changes that came with the arrival of the European and African immigrants. Jean Russo continues
that examination as Maryland changes from province to state. Ric Cottom explores the nineteenth century and the
impact of the war of state against state. And Bob Brugger takes a look at the century we have just left behind. We
thank each of them.
We also want to thank Julia King, Edward Chaney, and Iris Carter Ford for the clarity of their vision.
Barbara Wells Sarudy
Executive Director
Cover: Seal ofthe State ofMaryland
3
Contents
Millennium
On the Brink of Contact: Native Maryland, 000-1600
1
By Dennis Curry
Maryland's Seventeenth Century
MARYLAND
By Lois Green Carr
HUMANITIES
COUNCIL From Revolution to Revolution: Eighteenth-Century Maryland 1
By Jean Russo
The Humanities include: Maryland in the Nineteenth Century: War, Memory, and the
Archaeology Tragedy ofthe Commons 19
Artcriticism
Comparative religion By Robert I. Cottom
Ethics
History
Jurisprudence "Ain'tNothingWhat It Used to Be": Maryland in the
Language Twentieth Century 24
Literature By Robert Brugger
Philosophy J.
Related social sciences
Humanities in Maryland
Maryland Bookshelf 35
CalendarofHumanities Events 38
An Interview with Carol Benson 45
Maryland
HUMANITIES
MarylandHumanitiesispublishedfourtimesa Council Staff
yearinFebruary,May,September, and
CarolBenson, PhD,SeniorProgramDirector
November. ItisapublicationoftheMary- JudyD. Dobbs, DeputyDirector
landHumanitiesCouncil, anindependent,
StephenG. Hardy, PhD, DeputyDirector
nonprofit,tax-exemptorganization. Our
officesarelocatedatExecutivePlazaOne, BarbaraWellsSarudy, ExecutiveDirector
Suite503, 11350McCormickRoad, Hunt BelvaJ.Scott, ProgramDirector
Valley,Maryland21031-1002.Issuenumber PollyP.Weber, SeniorProgramOfficer
77.Allstatementsmadearetheopinionsof RobertI.Cottom, PhD, MagazineProductionEditor
theauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflect
thoseoftheCouncil.
Councilprogramsreceivemajorsupportfrom
theNational Endowmentforthe Humani-
ties,withadditionalfundingfromthe
MarylandDivisionofHistoricalandCultural
Programs,corporations, foundations, and
individuals.
On
the Brink of Contact
Native Maryland, 1000-1600
by Dennis C. Curry
This millennium threatens to be Some two thousand years later,
the last millennium to retain around 1000 AD, Native American
remnants of the earliest human cultural development in Maryland
culture in Maryland. The long, reached a threshold. In archaeo-
complex story of humans here logical terms, this was the turning
began over ten millennia ago. point at which the Middle Wood-
Native tribal groups, with estab- land period with its hunter-gath-
lished societies and cultures, did erer/early horticulturalist groups
not meet the first arriving Europe- living in scattered hamlets evolved
ans until the early 1600s. into groups of agriculturalists
Maryland's first human inhabit- consolidating into tribal units and
living in aggregated villages.
ants, called "Paleoindians" by
archaeologists, arrived at the end of Our knowledge of Maryland's
the last glacial period, probably Middle Woodland period prior to
around 9000 BC. The glacial envi- 1000 is primarily represented by the
ronment had changed from its "Selby Bay Complex" in the Coastal
chilling cool temperatures with Plain and centered in the Patuxent
mastodons and mammoths roam- drainage. In western Maryland,
ing over vast grasslands to a warmer much less is known of this period.
post-glacial setting of forests The few archaeological sites found
inhabited by smaller mammals seem to indicate distant and
including elk, moose, deer, and outside cultural influences at
—
possibly caribou. The Paleoindians work from the Pennsylvania
were hunter-gatherers organized Somerset Plateau to the north, from
into regional semi-nomadic bands. West Virginia to the southwest, and
These first settlers made their homes from the Clemson Island region of
around local sources of high the lower Susquehanna to the
quality cherts and jaspers, the raw northeast. The intervening eastern
materials used for making stone "Theagedmaninhiswyntergarment."From Blue Ridge and Piedmont regions
tforoolsm. hTuhnetyinagt,e fwihsahitngt,heayndglgeaatnheedr- JCoohurntWehsiytoef'tsh"ePBircittuirsehsLiobfrSauryn.dryThings. .. .'' ahpabpietaerdtaonhdavmeaybeheanvelarsgeerlvyedunaisn-a
ing seasonal resources such as nuts buffer area between the western
and tubers. Native American groups and the
coastal Selby Bay groups during this
During the vast Archaic period, available food resources allowed
period.
from around 8000 to 1000 BC, these their settlements to become more
—
early humans gradually adapted to sedentary, and social systems still Early inhabitants of the Selby Bay
—
continuing environmental changes. centered around bands operated Complex are noted for their arti-
They invented the spearthrower as in more well-defined territories and facts made from exotic lithic
smaller, more solitary animals such increased in complexity. materials (blue rhyolite, purple
as deer began to dominate the The beginnings of the Woodland argillite, brown and green jaspers),
region. The retreat of northern period about 1000 BC saw sweeping shell-tempered "Mockley" ceramics,
glaciers and the resulting meltwa- lanceolate and stemmed projectile
changes across all aspects of this
ters began the transformation of points (referred to as the Selby Bay
evolving society. As Native Ameri-
the lower Susquehanna River into type), large cache blades, 3/4-
cans settled into more sedentary
the resource-rich estuary we know grooved axes, and two-hole ellipti-
hamlets, they developed ceramics
today as the Chesapeake Bay. The cal gorgets. The early inhabitants of
and began to farm.
increased variety and numbers of this period developed extensive
Indiansaroundafire. FromJohn White's
"PicturesofSundry Things. ..." White
accompaniedSirWalterRaleigh
's
"
expeditionto"Virginia.
CourtesyoftheBritishLibrary.
procurement and storage/distribu-
tion networks. This involved both
trade and exchange as well as direct
procurement. For instance, argillites
from New Jersey may have been
obtained through long-distance
trade and exchange systems. They
also established a direct system for
extracting and distributing rhyolite
from the Catoctin Mountain region
of Maryland. This process involved
people travelling from the Patuxent
area to the Catoctin area, a dis-
tance of 70 miles or more. To make
this system work, they developed a
series of specialized sites: quarries
for the actual extraction of rhyo-
lite; nearby workshops for trans-
forming raw blocks of material into
transportable, useful forms called
blanks; caches for temporary
storage of these blanks; and rock-
shelters for temporary campsites.
clams, deer, beaver, turkey, turtle, Corn and beans first appear at sites
During this time, people still sturgeon, acorn, hickory, and dating to around 1000 or slightly
needed to hunt and gather their walnut. From these base camps/ earlier. In western Maryland, these
food. Hunters were now using the storage sites, leaders would redistrib- crops were probably introduced by
newly introduced (around 800) bow ute resources as needed, probably to Monogahela groups from nearby
and arrow. In and around the a series of local hamlets. The Pennsylvania. In the Monocacy
Patuxent region, archaeologists
intensive exploitation and/or River valley, the appearance of
have defined two types of sites horticulture of native plants was corn, beans, and squash is coinci-
related to Middle Woodland clearly a component of the Selby dent with the immigration of
subsistence. The first includes Bay Complex's diverse subsistence northern agricultural peoples (such
widespread resource procurement base. as Owasco from New York) into the
camps found in strategic settings
region. Eventually corn agriculture
where resources could easily be The Late Woodland period, begin-
reached the Coastal Plain areas of
exploited, especially seasonal ones ning in 1000, marked a point in the Potomac and Patuxent, and
such as fish, nuts, or large stands of Maryland prehist—ory when all facets throughout the region settlement
wild rice. After gathering resources, of native society settlement, patterns shifted to the major
the people took their food to subsi—stence, and political struc- floodplains as the need for arable
centralized base camps, detected ture began to change. Perhaps the
land increased. By around 1400,
archaeologically by the presence of most influential change was that most Native Marylanders became
large storage pit features. The range Native tribes shifted from hunting reliant on agriculture throughout
of resources that archaeologists and gathering to an agriculturally-
Maryland, with the exception of
have recovered from these storage oriented subsistence. Hunting
the Eastern Shore. Here, direct
features illustrates the breadth of certainly continued throughout the
this food procurement system: Late Woodland period, but their evidence of the use of crops is
extremely rare.
oysters (from sources 30 miles increasing reliance on agriculture is
away), freshwater and marine vividly reflected in the archaeologi-
cal record.
JohnWhite's1585drawingoftheIndianvillageof
Pomeioocinmodern-dayNorthCarolina. Villagesin
lira Marylandwereprobablysimilar. Thepresenceofa
palisade,alsodocumentedinMaryland,atteststo
theexistenceofconflictbetweennativegroupsof
peopleevenbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.
CourtesyoftheBritishLibrary.
ossuary burial can be seen as a
"community of the dead," reflective
of the living communities orga-
nized during chiefdoms.
After 1400, not only were villages
becoming larger and more consoli-
dated, but the people within those
villages created a stronger commu-
nal identity. By 1450, many living
in villages built defensive palisades
to thwart intertribal hostilities.
Initially, hostilities may have been
a result of greater territoriality on
the part of local groups and the
need to control ever larger tracts of
Also at this time, the vast trade These burials consist of the skeletal arable land for corn agriculture, but
networks of the Middle Woodland remains of the deceased, collected eventually the situation was exacer-
period broke down. Settlements after the flesh has decomposed, bated by incursions of foreign
shifted to floodplains and grew in bundled together, and reinterred in groups such as the Senecas and
size, and aggregated villages re- a secondary grave (often beneath Susquehannocks. Soon, however,
—
placed the scattered hamlets of the floor of a house). A hundred the ultimate foreigners Europe-
—
earlier times. Their greater self- years later, especially in the Coastal ans would arrive.
reliance on agriculture, the consoli- Plain, all the dead from a village Western Maryland had witnessed
dation of people into defined were buried in graves or placed in
occupation by the Susquehannocks
villages, and the more permanent scaffolds to allow the flesh to
from the mid-1500s to the 1620s.
nature of these villages reflected the decompose. Then, at regular inter-
Captain Henry Fleet's journal places
shift from band level to tribal vals, all the individual graves were the Massawomecks somewhere in
society in Maryland. Eventually, exhumed and the bones gathered
the upper Potomac in the summer
this tribalization culminated in the up for communal reburial in one
of 1632. From the mid-1600s to the
chiefdoms witnessed by the first large, common pit known as an very late 1600s or early 1700s, when
European settlers, such as the ossuary. Hundreds of individuals the Shawnee appear, western
Piscataway of the lower Potomac were sometimes reburied in
Maryland seems to have been
region, and the Nanticoke of the ossuaries (one Piscataway ossuary
largely uninhabited. Around 1714,
Eastern Shore. near Accokeek contained the
the Shawnee established King
For much of Maryland prehistory, remains of more than 600 people), Opessa's Town at Oldtown, and by
remains of those who died were and included all ages, from infants 1721 they had at least three other
to the very elderly.
interred singly or occasionally with settlements in western Maryland; in
one or two others in burial pits. From an archaeological perspective, 1738, however, the Shawnee aban-
The individuals may have been these different burial methods doned King Opessa's Town and
placed in a flexed or an extended mirror societal changes. Early Maryland at large.
position, and grave goods may individual burials served as an
In the Piedmont, two different
have been included or not, but efficient, practical method of
groups appear to have resided in
essentially interment consisted of disposal. Later, after groups of the Monocacy valley and the
placing the body of the deceased in families had formed villages, middle Potomac region around
a grave dug into the earth. Around bundle burials were curated at the
1400: people using shell-tempered
1300, bundle burials begin to household level, indicative of the pottery seem to have expanded into
appear at sites in the Piedmont. source of power at the family level. the region from the south and/or
And finally, the shift to mass
