Table Of Contentan informa business
MARINE NAVIGATION AND SAFETY OF SEA TRANSPORTATION
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Marine Navigation and
Safety of Sea Transportation
Advances in Marine Navigation
Editor
Adam Weintrit
Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
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Version Date: 20140527
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List of reviewers
Prof. Roland Akselsson, Lund University, Sweden
Prof. Yasuo Arai, Independent Administrative Institution Marine Technical Education Agency,
Prof. Vidal Ashkenazi, Nottingham Scientific Ltd, UK
Prof. Terje Aven, University of Stavanger (UiS), Stavanger, Norway
Prof. Michael Baldauf, Word Maritime University, Malmö, Sweden
Prof. Andrzej Banachowicz, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Marcin Barlik, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Michael Barnett, Southampton Solent University, United Kingdom
Prof. Eugen Barsan, Constanta Maritime University, Romania
Prof. Milan Batista, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Prof. Angelica Baylon, Maritime Academy of Asia & the Pacific, Philippines
Prof. Knud Benedict, University of Wismar, University of Technology, Business and Design, Germany
Prof. Christophe Berenguer, Grenoble Institute of Technology, Saint Martin d'Heres, France
Prof. Tor Einar Berg, Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute, Trondheim, Norway
Prof. Jaros(cid:225)aw Bosy, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
Sr. Jesus Carbajosa Menendez, President of Spanish Institute of Navigation, Spain
Prof. A. Güldem Cerit, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
Prof. Shyy Woei Chang, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Taiwan
Prof. Frank Coolen, Durham University, UK
Prof. Stephen J. Cross, Maritime Institute Willem Barentsz, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
Prof. Krzysztof Czaplewski, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland
Prof. Decio Crisol Donha, Escola Politécnica Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
Prof. Eamonn Doyle, National Maritime College of Ireland, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
Prof. Milan Džunda, Technical University of Košice, Slovakia
Prof. Bernd Eisfeller, University of FAF, Munich, Germany
Prof. Ahmed El-Rabbany, University of New Brunswick; Ryerson University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Prof. Alfonso Farina, SELEX-Sistemi Integrati, Rome, Italy
Prof. Andrzej Fellner, Silesian University of Technology, Katowice, Poland
Prof. Andrzej Felski, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland
Prof. W(cid:225)odzimierz Filipowicz, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Prof. Börje Forssell, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Prof. Jens Froese, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany
Prof. Masao Furusho, Kobe University, Japan
Prof. Wies(cid:225)aw Galor, Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Stanislaw Górski, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Prof. Marek Grzegorzewski, Polish Air Force Academy, Deblin, Poland
Prof. Lucjan Gucma, Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Stanis(cid:225)aw Gucma, Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Jerzy Hajduk, Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Qinyou Hu, Shanghai Maritime University, China
Prof. Stojce Dimov Ilcev, Durban University of Technology, South Africa
Prof. Toshio Iseki, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan,
Prof. Ales Janota, University of Žilina, Slovakia
Prof. Jacek Januszewski, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Prof. Miros(cid:225)aw Jurdzi(cid:276)ski, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Prof. John Kemp, Royal Institute of Navigation, London, UK
Prof. Lech Kobyli(cid:276)ski, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Krzysztof Ko(cid:225)owrocki, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Prof. Serdjo Kos, University of Rijeka, Croatia
Prof. Pentti Kujala, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland
Prof. Krzysztof Kulpa, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Prof. Shashi Kumar, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, New York
Prof. Bogumi(cid:225) (cid:224)(cid:261)czy(cid:276)ski, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
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Prof. Andrzej Lenart, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Prof. Nadav Levanon, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Prof. Vladimir Loginovsky, Admiral Makarov State Maritime Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
Prof. Miros(cid:225)aw Luft, University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Poland
Prof. Evgeniy Lushnikov, Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Jerzy Mikulski, Silesian University of Technology, Katowice, Poland
Prof. Wac(cid:225)aw Morga(cid:286), Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland
Prof. Reinhard Mueller, Chairman of the DGON Maritime Commission, Germany
Prof. Janusz Narkiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Nikitas Nikitakos, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece
Prof. Andy Norris, The Royal Institute of Navigation, University of Nottingham, UK
Prof. Stanis(cid:225)aw Oszczak, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Prof. Gyei-Kark Park, Mokpo National Maritime University, Mokpo, Korea
Mr. David Patraiko, The Nautical Institute, UK
Prof. Zbigniew Pietrzykowski, Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Boris Pritchard, University of Rijeka, Croatia
Prof. Jonas Ringsberg, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Prof. Jerzy B. Rogowski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Hermann Rohling, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
Prof. W(cid:225)adys(cid:225)aw Rymarz, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Prof. Abdul Hamid Saharuddin, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Terengganu, Malaysia
Prof. Aydin Salci, Istanbul Technical University, Maritime Faculty, ITUMF, Istanbul, Turkey
Prof. Shigeaki Shiotani, Kobe University, Japan
Prof. Wojciech (cid:285)l(cid:261)czka, Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Leszek Smolarek, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Prof. Jac Spaans, Netherlands Institute of Navigation, The Netherlands
Prof. Cezary Specht, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland
Cmdr. Bengt Stahl, Nordic Institute of Navigation, Sweden
Prof. Andrzej Stateczny, Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Prof. El(cid:298)bieta Szychta, University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Poland
Prof. El Thalassinos, University of Piraeus, Greece
Prof. Vladimir Torskiy, Odessa National Maritime Academy, Ukraine
Prof. Gert F. Trommer, Karlsruhe University, Karlsruhe, Germany
Prof. Mykola Tsymbal, Odessa National Maritime Academy, Ukraine
Prof. Nguyen Van Thu, Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Prof. František Vejražka, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech
Prof. George Yesu Vedha Victor, International Seaport Dredging Limited, Chennai, India
Prof. Peter Voersmann, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ortung und Navigation, Germany
Prof. Vladimir A. Volkogon, Baltic Fishing Fleet State Academy, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
Prof. Ryszard Wawruch, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Prof. Ruan Wei, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
Prof. Adam Weintrit, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Prof. Bernard Wi(cid:286)niewski, Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Krystyna Wojewódzka-Król, University of Gda(cid:276)sk, Poland
Prof. Adam Wolski, Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Jia-Jang Wu, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (ROC)
Prof. Hideo Yabuki, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Prof. Lu Yilong, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Prof. Homayoun Yousefi, Chabahar Maritime University, Iran
Prof. Janusz Zieli(cid:276)ski, Space Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland
6
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Advances in Marine Navigation. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9
A. Weintrit
Chapter 1. Navigational Tools and Equipment ......................................................................................................................... 11(cid:3)
1
1.1. Short Method for Compensation of Magnetic Compass Deviation .......................................................................................... 13
E. Lushnikov(cid:3)
1.2. A Study on the Errors in the Free-Gyro Positioning and Directional System .......................................................................... 17
T.G. Jeong
1.3. Determining of the Distance of the Nearest Approach of Vessels with Using Information from AIS Method
of Relative Ship' Plotting with a Virtual Second Observation Epoch ....................................................................................... 23
V.M. Bukaty & S.Yu. Morozova(cid:3)
Chapter 2. Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) ............................................................................ 27(cid:3)
2
2.1. Inciting the Development of Engaging Screencasts in Teaching ECDIS ................................................................................. 29
S. Bauk & R. Radlinger(cid:3)
2.2. Presentation of Magnetic Variation on ENC Charts According to the Rules and Good Sea Practice ...................................... 37
K. Pleskacz(cid:3)
2.3. Implementation of Ship Collision Avoidance Supporting System on Electronic Chart Display and Information System ...... 43
K.S. Ahn, M.S. Hwang, Y.W. Kim & B.J. Kim(cid:3)
2.4. Protection and Risks of ENC Data Regarding Safety of Navigation ........................................................................................ 49
S. Kos, D. Br(cid:254)i(cid:252) & D. Puši(cid:252)(cid:3)
2.5. The Fusion of Coordinates of Ship Position and Chart Features .............................................................................................. 57
A. Banachowicz & A. Wolski(cid:3)
Chapter 3. e-Navigation Concept Development ........................................................................................................................ 61(cid:3)
3
3.1. Hydrographic Data as the Basis for Integrated e-Navigation Data Streams ............................................................................. 63
M. Bergmann(cid:3)
3.2. Towards a Universal Hydrographic Data Model ...................................................................................................................... 67
H. Astle & P. Schwarzberg(cid:3)
3.3. Software Quality Assurance Issues Related to e-Navigation .................................................................................................... 73
S. Lee & L. Alexander(cid:3)
3.4. Visual to Virtual and Analog to Digital – Transformations Leading to Introduction of e-Navigation ..................................... 79
D. Filipkowski(cid:3)
3.5. e-Navigation Starts with e-VoyagePlanning ............................................................................................................................. 85
G.L. Olsen(cid:3)
3.6. Will Satellite-based AIS Supersede LRIT? .............................................................................................................................. 91
Y. Chen(cid:3)
Chapter 4. Maritime Simulators .................................................................................................................................................. 95(cid:3)
4
4.1. New Concept for Maritime Safety and Security Emergency Management – Simulation Based Training Designed
for the Safety & Security Trainer (SST) .................................................................................................................................. 97
7
C. Felsenstein, K. Benedict, G. Tuschling & M. Baldauf(cid:3)
4.2. Advanced Ship Handling Using Simulation Augmented Manoeuvring Design and Monitoring – a New Method
for Increasing Safety & Efficiency ......................................................................................................................................... 105
K. Benedict, M. Kirchhoff, M. Gluch, S. Fischer, M. Schaub, M. Baldauf & S. Klaes(cid:3)
4.3. Simulator Programs (2-D and 3-D): Influence on Learning Process of BSMT and BSMAR-E Students
at Maritime University, Philippines ........................................................................................................................................ 115
R.A. Alimen, R.L. Pador & N.B. Ortega(cid:3)
4.4. Maritime Simulation Assessment Using Behavioral Framework ........................................................................................... 119
P. Vasilakis & N. Nikitakos(cid:3)
4.5. Training on Simulator for Emergency Situations in the Black Sea ........................................................................................ 127
F.V. Panaitescu & M. Panaitescu(cid:3)
4.6. Simulation of BOTAS Ceyhan Marine Terminals .................................................................................................................. 131
Ö. U(cid:247)urlu, E. Yükseky(cid:213)ld(cid:213)z & E. Köse(cid:3)
4.7. Recommendation for Simulator base Training Programs for Ships with Azimuthing Control Devices ................................ 141
S. Short(cid:3)
7
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Chapter 5. Manoeuvrability ....................................................................................................................................................... 147(cid:3)
5
5.1. Proposal for Global Standard Maneuvering Orders for Tugboats .......................................................................................... 149
A. Ishikura, K. Sugita, Y. Hayashi & K. Murai(cid:3)
5.2. Feasibility Analysis of Orthogonal Anchoring by Merchant Ships ........................................................................................ 155
J. Artyszuk(cid:3)
Chapter 6. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) ....................................................................................................... 163(cid:3)
6
6.1. Single-frequency Horizontal GPS Positioning Error Response to a Moderate Ionospheric Storm Over Northern Adriatic .. 165
R. Filjar, D. Br(cid:254)i(cid:252) & S. Kos(cid:3)
6.2. Accuracy of the GPS Position Indicated by Different Maritime Receivers ............................................................................ 171
J. Januszewski(cid:3)
6.3. Cost-efficient, Subscription-based, and Secure Transmission of GNSS Data for Differential Augmentation
via TV Satellite Links ............................................................................................................................................................. 179
R. Mielniczuk, H. Gebhard & Z. Papir(cid:3)
6.4. Method of Improving EGNOS Service in Local Conditions .................................................................................................. 187
A. Felski & A. Nowak(cid:3)
6.5. Study of the RF Front-end of the Multi-Constellation GNSS Receiver ................................................................................. 191
F. Vejražka, J. Svato(cid:278), J. Pop & P. Ková(cid:284)(cid:3)
6.6. A New User Integrity Monitoring for Multiple Ramp Failures .............................................................................................. 199
H. Yun & C. Kee(cid:3)
Chapter 7. Radar, ARPA and Anti-Collision ........................................................................................................................... 207(cid:3)
7
7.1. Were Improper Lights a Confusing and Fatal Factor in the BLUEBIRD/DEBONAIR Collision in Dublin Bay? ............... 209
E. Doyle(cid:3)
7.2. Lesson Learned During the Realization of the Automated Radar Control System for Polish Sea-waters (ZSRN) ................ 217
M. Fiorini & S. Maciejewski(cid:3)
7.3. Is ARPA Suitable for Automatic Assessment of AIS Targets? .............................................................................................. 223
F. Heymann, P. Bany(cid:286), T. Noack & E. Engler(cid:3)
7.4. Identification of Object Difficult to Detect by Synchronous Radar Observation Method ...................................................... 233
M. W(cid:261)(cid:298), S. (cid:285)wierczy(cid:276)ski & K. Naus(cid:3)
7.5. Selected Methods of Ultra-Wide Radar Signal Processing ..................................................................................................... 239
M. Džunda & Z. Cséfalvay(cid:3)
7.6. A Discussion on the Duty of an Anchored Vessel to Avoid Collision ................................................................................... 243
P. Zhang(cid:3)
7.7. Data Integration in the Integrated Navigation System (INS) in Function of the Digital Processing Algorithms Used
in the Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FM-CW) Radar .......................................................................................... 247
R. Wawruch(cid:3)
Chapter 8. Watchkeeping and Safety at Sea ............................................................................................................................ 253(cid:3)
8
8.1. See More – Analysis of Possibilities of Implementation AR Solutions During Bridge Watchkeeping ................................. 255
D. Filipkowski(cid:3)
8.2. Investigation of Officers’ Navigation and Port Watches Exposed to Excessive Working Hours .......................................... 261
H. Y(cid:213)lmaz, E. Ba(cid:250)ar & E. Yükseky(cid:213)ld(cid:213)z(cid:3)
8.3. Enhancing of Carriers’ Liabilities in the Rotterdam Rules – Too Expensive Costs for Navigational Safety? ....................... 271
P. Sooksripaisarnkit(cid:3)
Chapter 9. Historical Aspects of Navigation ........................................................................................................................... 277(cid:3)
9
9.1. The Baltic Light Vessels in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries .................................................................................... 279
I. Pietkiewicz & A.F. Komorowski(cid:3)
Chapter 10. Safety, Reliability and Risk Assessment .............................................................................................................. 285(cid:3)
10
10.1. Maritime Risk Assessment: Modeling Collisions with Vessels Lying at an Anchorage ........................................................ 287
H.-C. Burmeister, C. Jahn & S. Töter & J. Froese(cid:3)
10.2. On the Reliability of the Navigator – Navigation Complex System ....................................................................................... 293
J. Froese(cid:3)
10.3. Fuzzy Risk of Ship Grounding in Restricted Waters .............................................................................................................. 297
P. Zalewski(cid:3)
10.4. Generic Competencies for Resilient Systems ......................................................................................................................... 305
S. Möckel, M. Brenker & S. Strohschneider
Author index ............................................................................................................................................................................311
8
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Advances in Marine Navigation
Introduction
A. Weintrit
Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Polish Branch of the Nautical Institute
The monograph is addressed to scientists and fusion of coordinates of ship position and chart
professionals in order to share their expert features.
knowledge, experience and research results Third chapter is about e-Navigation concept
concerning all aspects of navigation, safety at sea development. The readers can find some information
and marine transportation. about hydrographic data as the basis for integrated e-
The contents of the book are partitioned into ten Navigation data streams, Universal Hydrographic
separate chapters: Navigational tools and equipment Data Model (UHDM), software quality assurance
(covering the subchapters 1.1 through 1.3), ECDIS - issues related to e-Navigation, implementation of e-
Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems Navigation concept in Turkey, transformations
(covering the chapters 2.1 through 2.5), e- leading to introduction of e-Navigation, e-Voyage
Navigation concept development (covering the Planning and finaly the answer to the question: will
chapters 3.1 through 3.7), Maritime simulators satellite-based AIS supersede LRIT?
(covering the chapters 4.1 through 4.7), The fourth chapter deals with marine simulators
Manoeuvrability (covering the chapters 5.1 through problems. The contents of the fourth chapter are
5.2), GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite Systems partitioned into seven subchapters: new concept for
(covering the chapters 6.1 through 6.6), Radar, maritime safety and security emergency
ARPA and anti-collision (covering the chapters 7.1 management – simulation based training designed
through 7.7), Watchkeeping and safety at sea for the safety & security trainer (SST7); advanced
(covering the chapters 8.1 through 8.3), Historical ship handling using simulation augmented
aspects of navigation (covering the chapter 9.1) and manoeuvring design and monitoring – a new method
Safety, reliability and risk assessment (covering the for increasing safety & efficiency; simulator
chapters 10.1 through 10.4). programs (2-D and 3-D): influence on learning
In each of them readers can find a few suchapters. process of BSMT and BSMAR-E students at
Subchapters collected in the first chapter, titled Maritime University, Philippines; maritime
‘Navigational tools and equipment’, concerning the simulation assessment using behavioral framework;
method for compensation of magnetic compass training on simulator for emergency situations in the
deviation, study on the errors in the free-gyro Black Sea; simulation of BOTAS Ceyhan Marine
positioning and directional system and optimal time Terminals; and recommendation for simulator base
intervals between observations during heading in training programs for ships with azimuthing control
data analysis obtained from AIS by ration plotting devices.
technique at virtual second observation epoch. The fifth chapter deals with manoeuvrability. The
Certainly, this subject may be seen from different contents of the fifth chapter are partitioned into two:
perspectives. proposal for global standard maneuvering orders for
In the second chapter there are described tugboats, and feasibility analysis of orthogonal
problems related to ECDIS implementation: inciting anchoring by merchant ships.
the development of engaging screencasts in teaching In the sixth chapter there are described problems
ECDIS, presentation of magnetic variation on ENC related to GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite
charts according to the rules and good sea practice, Systems: single-frequency horizontal GPS
implementation of ship collision avoidance positioning error response to a moderate ionospheric
supporting system on ECDIS, protection and risks of storm over Northern Adriatic, accuracy of the GPS
ENC data regarding safety of navigation, and the position indicated by different maritime receivers,
cost-efficient, subscription-based, and secure
9
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