Maps of the Mind: Charts and Concepts of the Mind and its Labyrinths

221 Pages·1982·136.66 MB·English

by  Charles Hampden-Turner

CHARLES HAMPDEN-TURNER
COLLIER BOOKS
Macmillan Publishing Company
New York

ToRolloMay for hisfaith ina humanism that knows ILLUSTRATORS
tragedy and infondest memory of Gregory Bateson Candida Amsden pages 72, 73,75,77,82,85,87,90,
(1904-80). The verse below was afavourite of hisand 95,109,157,167,175,179,201
seems appropriate now: Beverley Brennan page 133
Not on sad Stygian shore, nor inclear sheen Dave Fernandez pages 21,65,69, 101, 113,115,
Offar Elysianplain, shall we meet those 121,141,15~ 171, 18~ 195
Among the dead whose pupils we have been ... Suzanne Haines page 35
Yet meet we shall, and part, and meet again, Carole Johnson pages 46-7,63,110-1,112,122
Where dead men meet, on lipsof livingmen. Stuart Knowles pages 17,23,27,31,39,41,49, 53,
'Lifeafter death' Samuel Butler 57,61,81,91,99,125,137,143,
159,183,193,209
Peter Stevenson pages 45,79,105, 117,119,147,
161,191,199,205
AUTHOR'SNOTE LindaTan pages 13,129,149, 163
Thisbook could nothavebeenwritten butforseveralfortunate
eventswhich coincided. ARockefellerFellowshipput meinBritainat
justthe righttime. Afriend, RichardHolme,tipped meoffthat
Mitchell Beazleyhadlongwanted to createan'atlasofthemind'.
JamesMitchell andEdDaytook thegamblethat this'headlong
assaultuponthe ineffable'might befeasibleafterall.Theysustained
mewith everykindofresource,friendship included,andmuch of
theirownvisionwent intothisbook.
It'ssaidthat inagood relationshipeachkeepsintegrity. Linda
ColeandherassistantLindaTan,fought tenaciously forthe
aestheticsofthevisualdesigns,while Ifought forthepoints Iwas
trying tomake.Our argumentsoften wentseveralrounds.Francesca
George,myeditor,valiantly defendedtheEnglishlanguageagainst
thehordesofjargonthat infectthesocialsciencesandpenetrate my
prose.Asarepresentativeof'the intelligent layperson'she Macmillan books areavailable atspecial discounts for bulk
challengedmeto remainintelligible.Avril Cummingstyped and purchasesfor salespromotions, premiums, fund-raising, ·or
retyped innumerable draftswith greatpatience.Tomywife,Shelley, educational use.
andtwo boys,Michael andHanbury,IapologizeforthelonghoursI FordetaiIs,contact:
wasshutawayfrom them. Deadlinesareremorseless.Itonlyserved Special SalesDirector
to remind methat imagesofhumanity intheabstractareno Macmillan Publishing Company
substitute for realpeople. 866Third Avenue
New York, New York 10022
MapsoftheMind wasedited anddesigned byMitchell Beazley
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MapsoftheMind© 1981Mitchell BeazleyPublishersLimited,87~89
ShaftesburyAvenue, London, W1V 7AD
Text©CharlesHarnpden-Iurner l'B'l
Illustrations ©Mitchell BeazleyPublishersLimited 1981
LibraryofCongressCataloging inPublication Data
All rightsreserved.No partofthisbook maybereproduced or Hampden-Turner, Charles.
transmitted inanyform orbyanymeans,electronic orrnechani- Mapsofthemind.
cal,including photocopying, recording orbyanyinformation Bibliography: p.
storageandretrievalsystem,without permission inwriting from Includes index.
thePublisher. 1.lntellect. 2.Thought andthinking.
3.Personality. I.Title.
Macmillan Publishing Company BF431.H318 1981b 128'.2 81~18141
866Third Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022 AACR2
Collier Macmillan Canada, Inc. ISBN0~02~076870~p2bk
FirstCollier BooksEdition 1982 Typesettingandartwork origination byBASPrintersLimited.
OverWallop, Hampshire
10 9 8 7 PrintedintheUnited StatesofAmerica
Contents
5
Map 24 90 Map 36 128
Gods, Voices and the Bicameral Mind: The Force Fieldsof Kurt Lewin
The theories of Julian Jaynes
Map 37 132
Map 25 94 Generativity and the Life-Cycle:
The Holographic Mind: ErikErikson's Concept of Identity
Karl Pribram
Map 38 136
The Ascent from Plato's Cave:
LEVEL4 Moral Development from Piaget to Kohlberg
THECREATIVEMIND
Map 26 98 LEVEL6
Cleansing the Doors of Perception: COMMUNICATION, LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLIS/v1
The Vision of William Blake
Map 39 140
Map 27 100 Words and Things, Maps and Territories:
The Bisociating Mind of Arthur Koestler The Semantics of Alfred Korzybski
Map 28 104 Map 40 142
The Two Cultures Controversy: Solving the Monstrous Riddle:
Getzels, Jackson and Hudson Russell,Whitehead and logical types
Map 29 108 Map 41 146
The Lateral Thinking of Edward De Bono The Linguistics of Therapy:
Noam Chomsky, Richard Bandler and John Grinder
Map 30 112
The Paradox of Creativity: Map 42 148
Frank Barron and JayOgilvy The Synergistic Mind:
Buckminster Fuller, Ruth Benedict and
Map 31 114 Abraham Maslow
The Structure of the Intellect:
J.P.Guilford's Cubic Factors Map 43 152
The Lethal Structure of Morality:
Charles Osgood to Charles Hampden-Turner
LEVEL5
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Map 44 156
Freud's French Revolution:
Map 32 116 Jacques Lacan interpreted by Sherry Turkle
The Positive Regard of Carl Rogers
Map 33 118 LEVEL7
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs CYBERNETICSAND PSYCHOBIOLOGY
Map 34 120 Map 45 158
The Etchings of Interpersonal Anxiety: The Problems of Life:
The dynamisms of Henry Stack Sullivan Bertalanffy and General Systems Theory
Map 35 124 Map 46 160
Encounter on the Narrow Ridge: The Wisdom of the Finest Fit:
Martin Buber interpreted by Maurice Friedman The sigmoid turves of JonasSalk
6
Map 47 162 Map 55 192
The Holarchy of Living Nature: Dualities, Dialectics and Stars:
The passionate pessimism of Arthur Koestler The view of Francisco Varela
Map 48 166 Map 56 194
Alcoholism, Cybernetics and Unconquerable Souls: The Cusp of Catastrophe:
The 'self and Gregory Bateson ReneThom, Christopher Zeeman and Denis Postle
Map 49 170
The Double Bind and Schizophrenia: Bateson, Don D. LEVEL9
jackson, jay Haley, john H.Weakland THESTR!JCTUREOF MYTH
Map 50 174 Map 57 198
Authoritarianism, Schismogenesis and the Self-exciting The Binary Code of Myth:
System: Bateson and Nevitt ·Sanford Claude Levi-Strauss
Map 51 178 Map 58 200
The Cybernetics of Mental Health: The 'Oresteia' and the Myth of Democracy
Charles Hampden-Turner
Map 59 204
'I have a Dream!':
LEVEL8 Martin Luther King and the myth of America
THEPARADIGMATIC MIND
Map 60 208
Map 52 182 Ecology or Catastrophe?
Mind asRelationships of Production:
From Hegel to Marx and Engels BIBLIOGRAPHYand ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 213
Map 53 186 INDEX 220
One-Dimensionality, Dialectics and the Marx-Freud
synthesis: Herbert Marcuse
Map 54 190
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions:
Thomas S.Kuhn and Allan Buss
7
Introd uction
What is the mind?' is a question that has intrigued in ways that suggest wholeness. From time immemorial
people from the earliest times - indeed, for as long as metaphors, symbols and stories have been used to
man hasconsidered the possibility of mind at all. Itisthe create mental pictures and configurations. To dismiss
first truly philosophical question which comes with the such forms as ambiguous is to miss the all important
dawning of self-consciousness. Yet it stumbles on a function of relating different objects by their similarities.
vexing question: How canthat which knows, know itself? Most of us would regard a photograph of a person as
Each representation of the known which lacks the 'true' and an abstract painting aslessso, but it depends
knower isnecessarily incomplete. onwhether weareconcerned with the separate nature of
Mapsofthe Mind breakswith the notion that the one is that person or the relationship between the painter and
prior to the many, that there must be some unitary the person. Also likeness has many aspects.
reality behind multiple appearances. Ibelieve man ishis One day the husband of a woman who was being
own metaphor, whose self-image fulfills itself in unfore- painted by Picassocalled at the artist's studio. 'What do
seen ways. Like Proteus we can take many alternate you think?' asked the painter, indicating the nearly
forms but not escape the consequences. This book finished picture. 'Well .. .'said the husband, trying to be
brings together in visual form numerous ways in which polite, 'it isn't how she really looks.' 'Oh,' said the artist,
mind hasbeen conceived. Since visuo-spatial imagery of 'and how does shereally look?' Thehusband decided not
the human is a style of representation largely missing to be intimidated. 'Like this!' he said producing a
from the dominant schools of psychology and philo- photograph from his wallet. Picasso studied the photo-
sophy, there can be no pretence of impartially catalogu- graph. 'Mmm .. .'he said, 'small, isn't she?'
ing the statusquo. The image-breakers arestill incharge.
This entire book is a plea for the revision of social MAPS AS SHADOWS
science, religion and philosophy to stress connected- One limitation of maps is that they are usually two
ness, coherence, relationship, organicism and whole- dimensional. Verbal explanations suffer the same
ness, as against the fragmenting, reductive and com- limitation; to explain meant originally, 'to layout fiat'. To
partmentalizing forces of the prevailing orthodoxies. My illustrate this, Viktor Frankl invited us to consider the
belief is that industrial cultures are dangerously different shadows cast by acylinder (seeillustration). The
overdifferentiated and underintegrated. We com- interesting point about shadow-maps and their limited
pulsively exaggerate our differences while ignoring what (but nevertheless 'real') representations isthat the same
we have in common. The maps here are deliberately objects can look so different when mapped differently
selected and described with a view to their overall and completely different objects can be mapped sothat
compatibility, complementarity and convergence. W. H. they look the same. Thus, ifone takes acylinder, acone
Auden wrote that we must 'love each other or die'. 'Love' and a sphere, the two-dimensional shadows they cast
isatrifle too ambitious perhaps, but we can understand. can be identical; but one need only shine the light from
another direction and the 'shadow maps' of the same
MAP-MAKING objects become a rectangle, a triangle and a circle
We 'map' with words as well as images but because respectively.
words come in bits and pieces many people have
MAPS VARY ACCORDING TO THEPOINT OF VIEW
assumed that the world isin bits and pieces too, with bits
The problems above arisepartly because things normally
corresponding to words. 'Not so,' said Alfred Korzybski,
perceived in three dimensions are being represented in
'the map is not the thing: Word maps have a
only two. There isalsothe question of point of view: the
fragmentary structure that derives from language itself,
shadow depends upon the position of the light - move
not necessarily from what language describes. The idea
the light and the shadow changes shape. This visual
of linear cause and effect, for example, isinherent in the
phenomenon has a verbal counterpart in an old story
structure of asentence, where asubject acts by way of a
that hasbeen put into verse. Itconcerns sixwise men, all
verb upon an object, but this may be avery inadequate
blind, who came across anelephant, and tried to discern
rendering of what is happening, especially of mutual
itsshape.
influences. One way to correct this verbal bias is to
supplement words with visual maps. Ifthe human mind is Sixwise men of India
to be conceived asawhole aswell asparts, we need not An elephant did find
just words to convey parts, but patterns, pictures and And carefully they felt its shape
schemata to convey the whole. Words must alsobeused (Forall of them were blind).
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