Magnetoseismology: Ground-Based Remote Sensing of Earth's Magnetosphere

271 Pages·2013·9.059 MB·English

by  Prof. Frederick W. Menk, Prof. Colin L. Waters(auth.)

FrederickW.Menk
andColinL.Waters
Magnetoseismology
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Frederick W. Menk and Colin L. Waters
Magnetoseismology
’
Ground-Based Remote Sensing of Earth s Magnetosphere
TheAuthors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully
produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and
Prof.FrederickW.Menkand publisherdonotwarranttheinformationcontained
Prof.ColinL.Waters inthesebooks,includingthisbook,tobefreeof
SchoolofMathematicalandPhysicalSciences errors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat
TheUniversityofNewcastle statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsor
UniversityDrive otheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate.
Callaghan NSW 2308
Australia LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromthe
Cover
BritishLibrary.
Artist’sdepictionofgeomagneticfieldlines BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutsche
mappingfromEarth’ssurfaceintothe Nationalbibliothek
magnetosphere,wherecolorsrepresentmass
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhis
densityintheequatorialplane,whichinturn publicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
determinestheresonantfrequencyofthese
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableonthe
fieldlines. Internet at < http:// dnb.d-nb.d e> .
#2013Wiley-VCHVerlag&Co.KGaA,Boschstr.
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V
Contents
Preface IX
ColorPlates XI
1 Introduction 1
1.1 PurposeofThisBook 1
1.2 TheSolarWind 1
1.3 FluctuationsintheSolarWind 5
1.4 EarlyObservationsofGeomagneticVariations 7
1.5 PropertiesofGeomagneticVariations 8
2 TheMagnetosphereandIonosphere 13
2.1 TheGeomagneticField 13
2.2 StructureofEarth’sMagnetosphere 19
2.3 MagnetosphericCurrentSystems 24
2.3.1 MagnetopauseCurrent 24
2.3.2 TailCurrentandReconnection 24
2.3.3 RingCurrent 26
2.3.4 Field-AlignedCurrents 26
2.3.5 IonosphericCurrents 27
2.4 TheRadiationBelts 28
2.5 TheInnerMagnetosphere 30
2.6 FormationandPropertiesoftheIonosphere 33
2.7 GeomagneticDisturbances 38
2.8 SpaceWeatherEffects 42
3 ULFPlasmaWavesintheMagnetosphere 45
3.1 BasicPropertiesofaPlasma 45
3.2 ParticleMotions 47
3.2.1 MotionsofIsolatedChargedParticles 47
3.2.2 FirstAdiabaticInvariant 49
3.2.3 SecondAdiabaticInvariant 50
3.2.4 ThirdAdiabaticInvariant 51
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VI Contents
3.3 Low-FrequencyMagnetizedPlasmaWaves 52
3.3.1 EquationsofLinearMHD 53
3.3.2 TheWaveEquation 54
3.4 TheShearAlfv(cid:1)enModeinaDipoleMagneticField 54
3.4.1 ToroidalOscillationofFieldLines 54
3.5 MHDWaveModeCouplinginOneDimension 56
3.6 AnAlternativeDerivationofthePlasmaWaveEquation,from
Electromagnetism 61
4 SourcesofULFWaves 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 ExogenicSources 65
4.3 BoundaryInstabilities 71
4.4 FieldLineResonances 74
4.5 CavityandWaveguideModes 79
4.6 SpatiallyLocalizedWaves 81
4.7 IonCyclotronWaves 84
5 TechniquesforDetectingFieldLineResonances 87
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 VariationinSpectralPowerwithLatitude 90
5.3 VariationofPhasewithLatitude 91
5.4 WavePolarizationProperties 92
5.5 SpectralPowerDifferenceandDivision 95
5.6 SingleStationH/D 95
5.7 Cross-PhasefromLatitudinallySeparatedSensors 98
5.8 UsingULFWavePolarizationProperties 100
5.9 AutomatedDetectionAlgorithms 103
6 Ground-BasedRemoteSensingoftheMagnetosphere 107
6.1 EstimatingPlasmaMassDensity 107
6.2 TravelTimeMethodofTamao 109
6.3 DeterminingElectronDensity 113
6.4 VerificationofGround-BasedMassDensityMeasurements 116
6.5 DeterminingIonConcentrations 121
6.6 Field-AlignedPlasmaDensity 122
6.7 PlasmaDensityatLowLatitudes 126
6.8 PlasmaDensityatHighLatitudes 128
7 SpaceWeatherApplications 133
7.1 MagnetosphericStructureandDensity 133
7.2 PlasmapauseDynamics 134
7.3 DensityNotches,Plumes,andRelatedFeatures 139
7.4 RefillingofthePlasmasphere 145
7.5 LongitudinalVariationinDensity 148
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Contents VII
7.6 SolarCycleVariationsinDensity 150
7.7 DeterminingtheOpen/ClosedFieldLineBoundary 152
7.8 DeterminingtheMagnetosphericTopologyatHighLatitudes 153
7.9 Wave–ParticleInteractions 155
7.10 RadialMotionsofFluxTubes 160
8 ULFWavesintheIonosphere 163
8.1 Introduction 163
8.2 ElectrostaticandInductiveIonospheres 164
8.3 ULFWaveSolutionforaThinSheetIonosphere 167
8.4 ULFWaveSolutionforaRealisticIonosphere 171
8.5 FLRsandtheIonosphere 177
8.6 RemoteSensingULFElectricFieldsinSpace 181
8.7 Quarter-WaveModes 183
8.8 DetectionofULFWavesintheIonosphere 186
8.9 ConsequencesforRadioAstronomy 192
9 MagnetoseismologyatOtherPlanetsandStars 195
9.1 MagnetoseismologyatOtherPlanets 195
9.2 MagnetoseismologyoftheSolarCorona 198
9.3 IntroductiontoHelioseismologyandAsteroseismology 200
9.4 FieldLineResonancesatOtherStars 204
AppendixA 207
AppendixB 211
References 215
Index 243
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IX
Preface
Oneofthejoysasastudentwasbuildingandusingrelativelysimpleequipment–
magnetometers and ionospheric sounders – to probe the region of space around
Earthandgaininsightintoprocessesthere.Thisistheessenceofthisbook:remote
sensing,mostlyusingground-basedinstrumentsandtechniques,tounderstandour
space environment, the magnetosphere. This region dynamically links inter-
planetary space with Earth’s atmosphere, and is where satellites orbit.
The agents involved are ultralow-frequency plasma waves, since they propagate
fromthesolarwindthroughthemagnetosphereandatmospheretotheground.These
wavestransferenergyandmomentumandarenotonlyinvolvedinmanytypesof
instabilitiesandinteractionsbutcanalsobeusedasadiagnosticmonitorofthese
processes.Thisbookfocusesonthesecondaspectthroughunderstandingofthefirst.
Withthemovetoonlinedataaccess,undergraduatestudentscanconductoriginal
researchusingobservationsfromgroundarrays,radarnetworks,andsatellites.The
magnetosphere is there for everyone to explore. This in turn provides wonderful
insightintoalltherelevantphysics,fromthecyclesoftheSuntothenatureofthe
geomagnetic field and the atmosphere, and exploring other planets.
Thisbookfocusesontheunderlyingprinciplesandtheirinterconnectedness.We
do not assume familiarity with physics or mathematics concepts beyond under-
graduate level.
Manypeoplehaveguidedourpersonaljourneys.Ourscientificmentorsinclude
Brian Fraser, John Samson, Keith Cole, and Valerie Troitskaya. Other colleagues
include Sean Ables, Brian Anderson, Mark Clilverd, Bob Lysak, Ian Mann, Pasha
Ponomarenko, Murray Sciffer, Peter Sutcliffe, and Tim Yeoman. Many students
taughtusatleastasmuchaswetaughtthem.Thedevelopmentofthismonograph
waspatientlyandenthusiasticallyguidedbyoureditorsatWiley,NinaStadthausand
ChristophFriedenburg.Ofcourse,thisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithout
the continual support of our families and wives, who suffered in silence a great
manyeveningswhilewedisappearedintoofficestopursueourarcaneendeavors.
Newcastle, July 2012 Frederick W. Menk
Colin L. Waters
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XI
Color Plates
Figure1.1 CometHale–Bopp,showinga Cortina)atPassoGiau(2230m),Cortina
whitedusttailandablueiontail,resultingfrom d’Amprezzo,Italy,March16,1997,03:42UT.
theeffectofthesolarwindandentrained e-mail: [email protected], web: www.
magneticfield.Source:AlessandroDimaiand cortinastelle.it - www.skyontheweb.org. (This
DavideGhirardo(AssociazioneAstronomica figurealsoappearsonpage2.)
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XII ColorPlates
Figure2.3 MercatorprojectionofthetotalintensityFofthemaingeomagneticfieldcomputed
usingthe2010WorldMagneticModel.Contourintervalis1000nT.FromMausetal.(2010).(This
figurealsoappearsonpage17.)
Figure2.5 Variationin(a)strengthand(b)locationoftheminimuminthetotalfield
intensityFintheSouthAtlanticAnomalyregionduringthepastcentury.FromFinlayetal.(2010).
(Thisfigurealsoappearsonpage18.)